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In The Name of ALLAH, The Beneficent The Merciful
In The Name of ALLAH, The Beneficent The Merciful
Fluid Mechanics-1
ME-..
Warm welcome to every body
Chapter 1-1
By: Engr. Sakhi Jan Khalil
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIU Islamabad
Marks Distribution
Grades:
Assignments
10%
Quizzes
10%
Attendance 5%
Midterm exam
25-30%
Final exam 50%
Course Materials
Lecture notes
Power points slides
Handout sheets
Textbooks
Fundamentals of Fluid mechanics 5th edition by Munson
Fluid Mechanics - 1
Chapter 1
Recommended Books
1. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition
By Munson, Young and Okiishi HTJohn Wiley &
SonsTH
2. Fluid Mechanics, 5th Edition By Frank M. White
McGraw Hill
3. Fluid Mechanics by Shames McGraw Hill.
McGraw-Hill
Science/Engineering/Math;
4th
Edition (August 20, 2002)
4. fluid mechanics with engineering applications,
10th E
Joseph b. Franzini
11/06/16
Aerodynamics
Bioengineering and biological systems
Combustion
Energy generation
Geology
Hydraulics and Hydrology
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Ocean and Coastal Engineering
Water Resources
numerous other examples
Aerodynamics
Bioengineering
Energy generation
Geology
River Hydraulics
Hydraulic Structures
Hydrodynamics
Meteorology
Water Resources
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Tsunamis
Tsunami: Japanese for Harbour Wave
Created by earthquakes, land slides, volcanoes,
asteroids/meteors
Pose infrequent but high risk for coastal regions.
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Statics / Dynamics
Fluid Mechanics II
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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For g = 32.2 ft/s2 and h=10000 ft, c=567 ft/s = 387 miles/hr
In comparison to analytical
methods, which are good for
providing solutions for simple
geometries or behavior for limiting
conditions (such as linearized
shallow water waves), CFD
provides a tool for solving
problems with nonlinear physics
and complex geometry.
Characteristics of Fluid
Fluid.
Unlike Solid substances, Fluids due to their molecular structure
have the ability to deform continuously under Force / Shear
Stress of any magnitude
A substance which must continue to change shape(defrom) as
long as there is shear stress present.
A substance which when it rest cant sustain a shear stress
Under Fixed / Controlled Boundary Conditions, Fluids adjust to
shape of Boundaries
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Flow
Commodity
Media
Deriving Potential
Electric
Current
Resistance /
Circuit
Voltage
Heat Transfer
Heat
Fluid
Liquid / Gas
Physical
Boundaries
Pressure
Difference/Dynamic Head
Before we define and discuss certain fluid properties that are related
to Fluid Behavior, under static or dynamic conditions it is necessary
to review basic properties and their units and dimensions
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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Example.
A tank of water having a total mass of 36 kg rest on the floor
of the elevator. Determine the force in (Newton's ) that the
tank exert on the floor if the tank is accelerating upward at
6ft/sec2.
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m
aolusem
V
V
1m
V
Fluid Properties
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W
w
g
V
H2O@40C
Fluid Properties (Contd.)
Specific Weight ( w or )
w is defined as weight per unit volume and is related to density () as:
The units of w are N/m3 (in SI units) or lb/ft3 ( in British units)
Specific Gravity ( SG )
SG is defined as ratio of density of fluids to the density of water at
specified temperature; (usually it is 4 0C) which is 1000 Kg/m3 or 1.94
Slug/ft3
SG
Density and Specific Weight can only define the behavior of fluid in
static conditions. For Fluid Dynamics or moving fluid, these
properties cannot predict the Fluid behavior
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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Under no slip conditions, the fluid touching with lower plate will
remain static whereas fluid at upper plate will move with the speed of
plate; U
The fluid velocity between the two plates is u = u(y)
Thus, a velocity gradient, du/dy, is developed between the plates
Here velocity gradient is constant as du/dy = U/b, but in more
complex flow situations this would not be true
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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or
dy
t
Using proportionate of equality (), we can write it as
du
dy
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Viscosity
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Shear thickening
The apparent viscosity increases with increasing shear rate-e.g
water sand mixture
Shear thinning
The apparent viscosity decreases with increasing shear ratelatex paint on brush.(on brush less shear stress more viscosity
on wall more shear stress less viscosity thats y it spread easily
Bingham plastic (neither fluid nor solid) e.g tooth paste etc
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Viscosity
vs Temp
For Liquids;
: De
B
T
(Andrade Equation)
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Compressibility of Fluids
Bulk Modulus (Ev) or Bulk Modulus of elasticity
property used to characterizes the compressibility of a fluid i.e. how
easily the volume (hence density) of a given mass of the fluid can be
changed when subjected to change in pressure. It is defined as
Ev
dP
dV
V
or
Ev
dP
d
Its units are N/m2 (in SI) or lb/in2 ; Psi (in BU)
Liquid have high value of Ev , thus are considered incompressible.
Value are available in various tables, see T 1.5 & 1.6 of Text Book
Ev value of gases can be determined
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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Compressibility of Fluids
Compression and Expansion of gases
Gases are compressed (or expanded) the relationship between P
and ( or v) depend on the type of process, e.g.
Isothermal Process : P/ = Constant (Pv=RT)
Isentropic Process : P/k = Constant (Q=0, k=cp/cv)
Table 1.7,1.8
We can now have the value of d/for each above process and
putting its value in definition of Ev , we get :
Ev = P and Ev = kP for Isothermal and Isentropic process of a gas
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Compressibility of Fluids
Speed of Sound ( consequence of compressibility of fluid)
Closing of valve of flowing fluid (localized disturnbance)
Diaphragm of loud speaker (localized disturbance as vibrate then
spread
Any disturbance created in fluid flow travel with a definite velocity
and be calculated from Bulk Modulus
Vel of disturbance travels is called acoustic velocity or SPEED of
SOUND and is defined
dpas : E
c
kP
kRT
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Vapor Pressure ( Pv )
It is defined as the pressure exerted by saturated vapors on the liquid
surface
Due to less intermolecular forces and hi momentum
Saturated vapors(entering=leaving),
It is closely associated with molecular activity of liquid and depends on
temperature
Pv of water at 100 0C is 101.32 KN/m2 table B.1, B.2 (Appnd B)
Boiling of liquid is the formation of vapor bubbles within the fluid mass
and is initiated when absolute pressure in the fluid reaches the vapor
pressure
At high altitudes, the water boils at lower temperatures
In flowing fluids it is possible to develop very low pressure regions and if
the fluid pressure decreases to Vapor Pressure, boiling of fluid will occur
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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Surface tension
Cohesive-Adhesive forces
The intensity of molecular attraction ( to form an imaginary skin / boundary )
per unit length along any line at the surface is called Surface Tension ( )
=F/L
Its units are N/m in SI units and lb/ft in BG units
decreases with increase of liquid temperature
Rain drops, mercury spheres
Pressure inside a drop of fluid can be calculated by considering a spherical
drop cut in half and applying forces balance on it :
Forces acting along round surface due to : 2R
Pressure difference ( Pi Pe ) acting over circular cross section area is : PR2 and it
balance above force, i.e.
2RPR2
Or P = ( Pi Pe ) = 2/R
Fluid Mechanics - I : Chapter 1
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Surface tension
capillary tube
Among common phenomena associated with Surface Tension is rise ( or fall ) of liquid in a
capillary tube
The rise of liquid depends on Liquid-Gas-Solid interface, i.e. attraction (adhesion) between
wall of tube and liquid molecule under environment of air (gas) ; see figure below
The height of column ( h ) can be found by equating the vertical force due to surface tension
; 2R cos with weight of fluid in column ; R2h, so we get :
2R cos R2h
or h = 2 cos R)
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