EML 4230 Introduction to Composite

Materials
Chapter 2 Macromechanical Analysis of a
Lamina
3D Stiffness and Compliance Matrices
Dr. Autar Kaw
Department of Mechanical Engineering
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620

Courtesy of the Textbook

Mechanics of Composite Materials by Kaw

Lamina and Laminate

FIGURE 2.1
Typical laminate made of three laminas

Compliance Matrix [S] for General

Material

1
S 11

2
S 21

3
S 31
=
23
S 41

31
S 51

12
S 61

S 12

S 13

S 14

S 15

S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25
S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35
S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45
S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55
S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65

S 16 1

S 26 2

S 36 3

S 46 23

S 56 31

S 66 12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for General

Material

3
=

23

31

12

C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 2

C 31 C 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 3

C 41 C 42 C 43 C 44 C 45 C 46 23

C 51 C 52 C 53 C 54 C 55 C 56 31

C 61 C 62 C 63 C 64 C 65 C 66 12

Stiffness matrix [C] has 36 constants

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Isotropic Materials
0
0
0
S 11 S 12 S 12
1

0
0
0
S 12 S 11 S 12
2

0
0
0
S12 S 12 S 11
3

=
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
0
0
23

0
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
0
31

0
0
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Isotropic

Materials

0
0
0
C11 C12 C12
1

0
0
0
C12 C11 C12
2

0
0
0
C12 C12 C11
3

=
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
0
0
23

0
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
0
31

0
0
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Isotropic Materials

1
E

E
1
E

2


E
E
3
=

23
0
0

31

0
12
0

0
0

1
0 0 0 2
3
E

0 1
0 0 23
31
G

0 0 1
0 12
G

0 0 0 1

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Isotropic

Materials
E(1 - )
(1 - 2 )(1+ )

E
E
(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

E
E(1 - )
E
(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

yz

zx

y
z

E
E
E(1 - )

(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

0 G

0 G

xy

0 y

z

,
0 yz

zx
0
xy

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Anisotropic Material

1
S 11

2
S 21

3
S 31
=
23
S 41

31
S 51

12
S 61

S 12

S 13

S 14

S 15

S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25
S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35
S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45
S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55
S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65

S 16 1

S 26 2

S 36 3

S 46 23

S 56 31

S 66 12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Anisotropic Material

3
=

23

31

12

C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 1

C 21 C 22 C 23 C 24 C 25 C 26 2

C 31 C 32 C 33 C 34 C 35 C 36 3

C 41 C 42 C 43 C 44 C 45 C 46 23

C 51 C 52 C 53 C 54 C 55 C 56 31

C 61 C 62 C 63 C 64 C 65 C 66 12

Stiffness matrix [C] has 36 constants

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Anisotropic Material

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Anisotropic Material

Monoclinic Materials

FIGURE 2.11
Transformation of coordinate axes for 1-2
plane of symmetry for a monoclinic material

Monoclinic Materials

FIGURE 2.12
Deformation of a cubic element
made of monoclinic material

Monoclinic Materials

FIGURE 2.13
A unidirectional lamina as a
monoclinic material with fibers
arranged in a rectangular array

Compliance Matrix [S] for Monoclinic

Materials

3
=

23

31

12

S16 1

0
0 S 26 2
S 12 S 22 S 23

S13 S 23 S 33
0
0 S36 3

0
0
0 S 44 S 45
0 23

0
0
0 S 45 S 55
0 31

S16 S 26 S36
0
0 S 66 12
S 11

S 12

S 13

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Monoclinic

Materials
1 C11

2 C12

3 C13
=
23 0

31 0

12 C16

0 C16

0
0 C26
C 22 C 23

0
0 C36
C 23 C 33

0
0 C 44 C45
0

0
0 C45 C 55
0

C26 C36
0
0 C 66
C12

C13

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix [S] for Monoclinic

Materials

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Monoclinic

Materials

Orthotropic Materials

FIGURE 2.14
Deformation of a cubic element made
of orthotropic material

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Orthotropic Materials
1
0
0
0
S 11 S 12 S 13

2
0
0
0
S 12 S 22 S 23

0
0
0
3
S13 S 23 S 33
=

23
0
0 S 44
0
0
0

0
0
0 S 55
0
31
0

0
0
0
0 S 66
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Orthotropic Materials

0
0
0
1 C11 C12 C13

0
0
0
2 C12 C 22 C 23

0
0
0
3 C13 C 23 C 33

=
0
0 C 44
0
0
23 0

0
0
0 C 55
0
31 0

0
0
0
0 C 66
12 0

1

2

3

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Orthotropic Materials

1
E1

21
E2

12
E1
1
E2

31
2
32

E3
E3
3
=

23
0
0

31

12
0
0

0
0

13
E1
23
E2

1

1
0
0
0 2

E3
3

0 1
0
0 23

G23
31

0
0 1
0 12

G31

0
0
0 1
G12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Orthotropic Materials

1 23 32
E2 E3

21 23 31 31 21 32
E2 E3
E2 E3

21 23 31
1 13 31 32 12 31
0
0
0
2

E1 E3
E1 E3
E2 E3

=
32 12 31
1 12 21
0
0
0
31
21 32
23

E1 E2
E1 E3
E2 E3

31

0
0
0 G 23
0
0

12

0
0
0
0 G 31
0

0
0
0
0
0 G12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Transversely Isotropic Materials

FIGURE 2.15
A unidirectional lamina as a
transversely isotropic material with
fibers arranged in a rectangular array

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Transversely
Isotropic Materials
0
0
0
1
S 11 S 12 S 12

0
0
0
2
S 12 S 22 S 23

0
0
0
3
S12 S 23 S 22
=

0
0 2( S 22 S 23)
0
0
23
0

31
0
0
0
0 S 55
0

12
0
0
0
0 S 55
0

1

2

3

23

31

12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Transversely
Isotropic Materials
C11 C12 C12

1
0
0
0
C12 C 22 C 23
2

0
0
0
C12 C 23 C 22

3
=

0
0
0

C
0
0
C 22
23
23

31
0
0
0 C 55
0
0
12

0
0
0
0 C 55
0

1

2

3

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Transversely
Isotropic Materials

Stiffness Matrix [C] for

Transversely
Isotropic Materials

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Isotropic Materials
0
0
0
S 11 S 12 S 12
1

0
0
0
S 12 S 11 S 12
2

0
0
0
S12 S 12 S 11
3

=
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
0
0
23

0
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
0
31

0
0
0
0 2( S 11 S12 )
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Isotropic

Materials

0
0
0
C11 C12 C12
1

0
0
0
C12 C11 C12
2

0
0
0
C12 C12 C11
3

=
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
0
0
23

0
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
0
31

0
0
0
0 2(C11 C12 )
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix [S] for

Isotropic Materials

1
E

E
1
E

2


E
E
3
=

23
0
0

31

0
12
0

0
0

1
0 0 0 2
3
E

0 1
0 0 23
31
G

0 0 1
0 12
G

0 0 0 1

Stiffness Matrix [C] for Isotropic

Materials
E(1 - )
(1 - 2 )(1+ )

E
E
(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

E
E(1 - )
E
(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

yz

zx

y
z

E
E
E(1 - )

(1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ ) (1 - 2 )(1+ )

0 G

0 G

xy

0 y

z

,
0 yz

zx
0
xy

Independent Elastic Constants

Material Type

Independent Elastic
Constants

Anisotropic

21

Monoclinic

13

Orthotropic

Transversely Isotropic

Isotropic

Plane Stress
Assumption

3 = 0 , 31 = 0 ,

23

Upper and lower surfaces are free from external loads

3 = 0 ,

23

0,

31

0,

FIGURE 2.17
Plane stress conditions for a thin plate

Reduction of Compliance Matrix in

3D to 2D for Orthotropic Materials
1
0
0
0
S 11 S 12 S 13

2
0
0
0
S 12 S 22 S 23

0
0
0
3
S13 S 23 S 33
=

23
0
0 S 44
0
0
0

0
0
0 S 55
0
31
0

0
0
0
0 S 66
0
12

1

2

3

23

31

12

Compliance Matrix

0
1
S 11 S 12

0
2 = S 12 S 22

0 S 66
0
12

1

2 ,

12

3 = S 13 1+ S 23 2 ,

Reduction of Stiffness Matrix in

3D to 2D for Orthotropic Materials
0
Q11 Q12
1

0
2 = Q12 Q 22

0
12
0 Q66

Q11 =

S 22
,
2
S 11 S 22 S 12
S 12
,
2
S11 S 22 S 12

Q12 =

Q 22 =

Q66

S 11
,
2
S 11 S 22 S 12

1
S 66

1

2

12

END

15 unknowns
1

2

3

23

31

12

1

2

3

23

31

12

u
v

w

15 equations

EQUILIBRIUM

x xy zx

X 0
x
y
z
y xy yz

Y 0
y
x
z
z zx yz

Z 0
z
x
y

15 equations

STRESS-STRAIN

=
23

31

12

S 11

S 12

S 13

S 14

S 15

S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25
S 31 S 32 S 33 S 34 S 35
S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45
S 51 S 52 S 53 S 54 S 55
S 61 S 62 S 63 S 64 S 65

S 16

S 26

S 36

S 46

S 56

S 66

23

31

12

15 equations
2
2
2 x y xy

2
2
x y
y
x

COMPATIBILITY

2 x yz xz xy
2

y z x
x
y
z
2 y 2 z 2 yz

2
2
y z
z
y
yz xz xy
2

x z y x
y
z
2 y

2 z 2 x 2 xz

2
2
x z
x
z

2 z yz xz xy
2

x y z x
y
z

END