Classificatio

grouping of different
types
n
of organisms based upon

similarities in structure and

evolutionary relationships

WHY CLASSIFY?
In order to more easily study the unity and

diversity of living organisms in an

organized manner, biologists classify
organisms
This means that they group organisms
together based on their common
characteristics
Physical structure is often the primary basis
for biological classification

Early classification
Animals & Plants
With the discovery of the

MICROSCOPE in the 1600s many

new organisms were discovered
This was the basis for the
change in the classification
system

BIONOMIAL NOMENCLATURE
Carolus Linneaus devised binomial
nomenclature
(2 names in Latin) Genus-Species
ex. scientific name of humans ..... Homo
sapiens
Homo is the genus name .... sapiens is the
species name
Both have to be printed in italics or underlined
-Genus is ALWAYS capitalized

MODERN CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM:
KINGDOM
PHYLLUM
CLASS
ORDER
FAMILY
GENUS
SPECIES

HOW TO REMEMBER THAT:

KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR

GOOD SOUP

KINGDOMS:
The 6 Kingdom System is based
on the following criteria:
1. Presence or absence of a
nuclear membrane
2. Unicellularity versus
multicellularity
3. Type of nutrition

KINGDOMS:

Absence of a nuclear membrane :

Prokaryotic
Presence of a nuclear membrane:

Eukaryotic
Unicellular Eukaryotes: Protista
Multicellular Eukaryotes: Advanced
kingdoms
Type of nutrition: Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic

Archaebacteria
most primitive and often live in extreme

environments
LIVE IN UNUSUALLY
HARSH ENVIRONMENTS
unicellular and no nucleus
This is the Proposed 6th KINGDOM
There are 3 types:
salt loving, heat loving & methane loving

Kingdom Monera
bacteria and blue green algae
have a primitive cell structure
no organized nucleus or nuclear
membrane
Three basic types of bacteria
Coccus Baccillus Spirillum-

Kingdom Protista

Predominately unicellular organisms with

plant or animal-like characteristics

examples include protozoa and all algae
except the blue-green
have a true nucleus and nuclear membrane
Classification of Protists: Most protozoa are
motile (CAN MOVE) and are divided into
phyla based on their means of
LOCOMOTION

Animal-like Protists
Often animal like Protists
are called PROTOZOA
They can live in fresh or salt water, in
the soil, or in the bodies of other
organisms
Plant-like Protists:
Plant-like Protists are commonly
called ALGAE
They contain chloroplasts and are
therefore AUTOTROPHIC

Spirogyra
plant-like Protists that contains

thread-like filaments of chloroplasts

They may reproduce asexually by
MITOSIS or sexually
by CONJUGATION

Plant and Animal like

Protists

The Euglena:
exhibits both animal-like and Plant-like characteristics
contains chloroplasts, which are involved in
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
contains a flagellum, which is used for LOCOMOTION
euglena may be autotrophic or heterotrophic
depending on the environment
In a light environment euglena would be
AUTOTROPHIC
In a dark environment the euglena would be
HETEROTROPHIC

KINGDOM FUNGI
examples include yeasts,
molds, and mushrooms
cells are usually organized into branched,
multinucleate filaments which absorb
digested food from the external
environment
Mushrooms are made up of a network of
tubes called HYPHAE

Kingdom Plantae

multicellular - possess chloroplasts

and cell walls
make their own food - PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Reproduce sexually can be asexual
Vascular plants are more advanced - they have
evolved specialized tissues, xylem, which is involved
in structural support and water conduction, and
phloem, which functions in food conduction
Nonvascular plants are usually no more than an inch
or two in height because they do not have adequate
support, which is provided by vascular tissues to
other plants, to grow bigger

ONION
CELLS FROM
LAB NOTE
THE BOXY
SHAPE OF
PLANT
CELLS &
THE
DISTINCT
CELL WALL

Kingdom Animalia
multi-cellular organisms which
ingest their food
HETEROTROPHS
Reproduce sexually

Viruses
not classified in a kingdom
contain genetic material (DNA) but lack

cell structures
only carry on the life function of
reproduction
They must have a host (another living
organism) to be able to reproduce
This causes disease in the host (Ex: colds,
rabies, AIDS, flu)

Bacteriophages invade the

host cell, take over the cell,
and begin replicating viruses,
eventually lysing or bursting
the host cell, releasing the
new viruses to infect
additional cells

Papillomavirus is a
DNA virus that causes
warts
POLIO VIRUS