Fluent 8 Multiphase

Fluent Software Training
TRN-98-006
Modeling Multiphase Flows
Fluent Inc. 11/22/16

TRN-98-006
Outline
Definitions; Examples of flow regimes

Description of multiphase models in FLUENT 5 and FLUENT 4.5
How to choose the correct model for your application
Summary and guidelines

TRN-98-006
Definitions
Multiphase flow is simultaneous flow of
Matters with different phases( i.e. gas, liquid or solid).

Matters with different chemical substances but with the same phase (i.e. liquidliquid like oil-water).
Primary and secondary phases
One of the phases is considered continuous (primary) and others (secondary) are
considered to be dispersed within the continuous phase.
A diameter has to be assigned for each secondary phase to calculate its

interaction (drag) with the primary phase (except for VOF model).
Dilute phase vs. Dense phase;
Refers to the volume fraction of secondary phase(s)
Volume fraction of a phase =
Volume of the phase in a cell/domain

Volume of the cell/domain
3

TRN-98-006
Flow Regimes
Multiphase flow can be classified by the

following regimes:
Bubbly flow: Discrete gaseous or fluid

bubbles in a continuous fluid
Droplet flow: Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
Particle-laden flow: Discrete solid particles
in a continuous fluid
Slug flow: Large bubbles (nearly filling
cross-section) in a continuous fluid
Annular flow: Continuous fluid along walls,
gas in center
Stratified/free-surface flow: Immiscible
fluids separated by a clearly-defined interface
slug flow
annular flow
bubbly flow
droplet flow
particle-laden flow
free-surface flow

TRN-98-006
Flow Regimes
User must know a priori what the flow field looks like:
Flow regime,
bubbly flow , slug flow, etc.
Model one flow regime at a time.

Multiple flow regime can be predicted if they are predicted by one
model e.g. slug flow and annular flow may coexist since both are
predicted by VOF model.
turbulent or laminar,
dilute or dense,
bubble or particle diameter (mainly for drag considerations).

TRN-98-006
Multiphase Models
Four models for multiphase flows currently available in structured

FLUENT 4.5
Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM)
Eulerian Eulerian model
Eulerian Granular model
Volume of fluid (VOF) model
Unstructured FLUENT 5
Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM)
Volume of fluid model (VOF)
Algebraic Slip Mixture Model (ASMM)
Cavitation Model

TRN-98-006
Dispersed Phase Model

TRN-98-006
Dispersed Phase Model
Appropriate for modeling particles, droplets, or bubbles

dispersed (at low volume fraction; less than 10%) in
continuous fluid phase:
Spray dryers
Coal and liquid fuel combustion
Some particle-laden flows
Computes trajectories of particle (or droplet or bubble)

streams in continuous phase.
Computes heat, mass, and momentum transfer between
dispersed and continuous phases.
Neglects particle-particle interaction.
Particles loading can be as high as fluid loading
Particle trajectories in a spray dryer
Computes steady and unsteady (FLUENT 5) particle tracks.

TRN-98-006
Particle Trajectory Calculations
Particle trajectories computed by solving equations of motion of the

particle in Lagrangian reference frame:
du p

f drag (u u p ) g ( p ) / p F / p
dt
where
represents additional forces due to:
virtual mass and pressure gradients
rotating reference frames
temperature gradients
Brownian motion (FLUENT 5)
Saffman lift (FLUENT 5)
user defined

TRN-98-006
Coupling Between Phases
One-Way Coupling
Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer.
Particulate phase have no influence on the gas phase.
Two-Way Coupling
Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer.
Particulate phase influences fluid phase via source terms of mass,
momentum, and energy.
Examples include:
Inert particle heating and cooling

Droplet evaporation
Droplet boiling
Devolatilization
Surface combustion
10

TRN-98-006
DPM: Calculation Procedure
To determine impact of dispersed phase on continuous phase flow

field, coupled calculation procedure is used:
continuous phase
flow field calculation
interphase heat, mass, and
momentum exchange
particle trajectory
calculation
Procedure is repeated until both flow fields are unchanged.
11

TRN-98-006
Turbulent Dispersion of Particles
Dispersion of particle due to turbulent fluctuations in the flow can be

modeled using either:
Discrete Random Walk Tracking (stochastic approach)
Particle Cloud Tracking
12

TRN-98-006
User Defined Function Access in DPM
User defined functions (UDFs) are provided for access to the discrete
phase model. Functions are provided for user defined:
drag
external force
laws for reacting particles and droplets
customized switching between laws
FLUENT 5
output for sample planes
erosion/accretion rates
access to particle definition at injection time
scalars associated with each particle and access at each particle time step
(possible to integrate scalar variables over life of particle)
13

TRN-98-006
Eulerian-Eulerian Multiphase Model

FLUENT 4.5
10s
70s
120s
Becker et al. 1992
water
air
Locally Aerated Bubble Column
14

TRN-98-006
Eulerian Multiphase Model
Appropriate for modeling gas-liquid or

liquid-liquid flows (droplets or bubbles of
secondary phase(s) dispersed in continuous
fluid phase (primary phase)) where:
Phases mix or separate

Bubble/droplet volume fractions from 0 to
100%
Evaporation
Boiling
Separators
Aeration
Inappropriate for modeling stratified or

free-surface flows.
15
Volume fraction
of water
Stream function
contours for water
Boiling water in a container

TRN-98-006
Solves momentum, enthalpy, continuity,

and species equations for each phase and
tracks volume fractions.
Uses a single pressure field for all phases.
Interaction between mean flow field of
phases is expressed in terms of a drag,
virtual and lift forces.
Several formulations for drag is provided.

Alternative drag laws can be formulated
via UDS.
Other forces can be applied through UDS.
16
Gas sparger in a mixing tank:

contours of volume fraction
with velocity vectors

TRN-98-006
Can solve for multiple species and homogeneous reactions in each

phase.
Heterogeneous reactions can be done through UDS.
Allows for heat and mass transfer between phases.
Turbulence models for dilute and dense phase regimes.
17

TRN-98-006
Mass Transfer
Evaporation/Condensation.
For liquid temperatures saturation temperature, evaporation rate:
m v
rv l l Tl Tsat
Tsat
For vapor temperatures saturation temperature, condensation rate:
rl v v Tsat Tv
m l
Tsat
User specifies saturation temperature and, if desired, time relaxation

parameters rl and rv . (Wen Ho Lee (1979))
Unidirectional mass transfer, r is constant
m 12 r 2 1
User Defined Subroutine for mass transfer

18

TRN-98-006
Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence
Time averaging is needed to obtain smoothed quantities from the space

averaged instantaneous equations.
Two methods available for modeling turbulence in multiphase flows
within context of standard k-model:
Dispersed turbulence model (default) appropriate when both of these

conditions are met:
Number of phases is limited to two:
Continuous (primary) phase

Dispersed (secondary) phase
Secondary phase must be dilute.
Secondary turbulence model appropriate for turbulent multiphase flows

involving more than two phases or a non-dilute secondary phase.
Choice of model depends on importance of secondary-phase turbulence

in your application.
19

TRN-98-006
Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model:

FLUENT 4.5
Volume fraction of air

2D fluidized bed with a central jet
20

TRN-98-006
Extension of Eulerian-Eulerian model for flow of granular

particles (secondary phases) in a fluid (primary)phase
Appropriate for modeling:
Fluidized beds
Risers
Pneumatic lines
Hoppers, standpipes
Particle-laden flows in which:
Phases mix or separate
Granular volume fractions can vary from 0 to packing limit
Solid velocity profiles
Contours of solid
volume fraction
Circulating fluidized bed, Tsuo and Gidaspow

(1990).
21

TRN-98-006

Overview
The fluid phase must be assigned as the primary phase.

Multiple solid phase can be used to represent size distribution.
Can calculate granular temperature (solids fluctuating energy) for each
solid phase.
Calculates a solids pressure field for each solid phase.
All phases share fluid pressure field.

Solids pressure controls the solids packing limit
Solids pressure, granular temperature conductivity, shear and bulk

viscosity can be derived based on several kinetic theory formulations.
Gidaspow
-good for dense fluidized bed applications
Syamlal
-good for a wide range of applications
Sinclair-good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport lines and risers
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TRN-98-006
Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model
Frictional viscosity pushes the limit into the plastic regime.
Several choice of drag laws:
Hoppers, standpipes
Drag laws can be modified using UDS.
Heat transfer between phases is the same as in Eulerian/Eulerian multiphase model.

Only unidirectional mass transfer model is available.
Rate of mass transfer can be modified using UDS.

Homogeneous reaction can be modeled.
Heterogeneous reaction can be modeled using UDS.
Can solve for enthalpy and multiple species for each phase.
Physically based models for solid momentum and granular temperature boundary
conditions at the wall.
Turbulence treatment is the same as in Eulerian-Eulerian model
Sinclair model provides additional turbulence model for solid phase
23

TRN-98-006
Algebraic Slip Mixture Model

FLUENT 5
Courtesy of
Fuller Company
24

TRN-98-006
Algebraic Slip Mixture Model
Can substitute for Eulerian/Eulerian,

Eulerian/Granular and Dispersed phase models
Efficiently for Two phase flow problems:
Fluid/fluid separation or mixing:

Sedimentation of uniform size particles in liquid.
Flow of single size particles in a Cyclone.
Applicable to relatively small particles

(<50 microns) and low volume fraction (<10%)
when primary phase density is much smaller than
the secondary phase density.
Air-water separation in a Tee junction

Water volume fraction
If possible, always choose the fluid with higher density as the primary
phase.
25

TRN-98-006
ASMM
Solves for the momentum and the continuity equations of the mixture.
Solves for the transport of volume fraction of secondary phase.
Uses an algebraic relation to calculate the slip velocity between
phases.
It can be used for steady and unsteady flow.
urel a p
a ( g (um u m m ))
t
2
( m p )d p
p
f drag
18 f
f drag is the drag function
26

TRN-98-006
Oil-Water Separation
Fluent 5 Results with ASMM
Fluent v4.5 Eulerian Multiphase
27
Courtesy of
Arco Exploration & Production Technology
Dr. Martin de Tezanos Pinto

TRN-98-006
Cavitation Model ( Fluent 5)
Predicts cavitation inception and approximate extension of cavity bubble.

Solves for the momentum equation of the mixture
Solves for the continuity equation of the mixture
Assumes no slip velocity between the phases
Solves for the transport of volume fraction of vapor phase.
Approximates the growth of the cavitation bubble using Rayleigh equation
2( p v p )
dR
Needs improvement:
dt
3 l
ability to predict collapse of cavity bubbles
3 v v
m
R
2( p v p )
3 l
Needs to solve for enthalpy equation and thermodynamic properties

Solve for change of bubble size
28

TRN-98-006
Cavitation model
29

TRN-98-006
VOF Model
30

TRN-98-006
Volume of Fluid Model
Appropriate for flow where Immiscible

fluids have a clearly defined interface.
Typical problems:
Shape of the interface is of interest

Jet breakup
Motion of large bubbles in a liquid
Motion of liquid after a dam break
(shown at right)
Steady or transient tracking of any
liquid-gas interface
Inappropriate for:
Flows involving small (compared to a

control volume) bubbles
Bubble columns
31

TRN-98-006
Volume Fraction
Assumes that each control volume contains just one phase (or the
interface between phases).
For volume fraction of kth fluid, three conditions are possible:

= 0 if cell is empty (of the kth fluid)
k
= 1 if cell is full (of the kth fluid)
k
0 < < 1 if cell contains the interface between the fluids
k
Tracking of interface(s) between phases is accomplished by solution of

a volume fraction continuity equation for each phase:
k
k
uj
S k
t
xi
Mass transfer between phases can be modeled by using a user-defined

subroutine to specify a nonzero value for Sk .
Multiple interfaces can be simulated

Can not resolve details of the interface smaller than the mesh size
32

TRN-98-006
VOF
Solves one set of momentum equations for all fluids.
u i u j
( u j )
( u i u j )
) g j F j
t
x i
x j x i x j x i
Surface tension and wall adhesion modeled with an additional source term
in momentum eqn.
For turbulent flows, single set of turbulence transport equations solved.
Solves for species conservation equations for primary phase .
33

TRN-98-006
Formulations of VOF Model
Time-dependent with a explicit schemes:
geometric linear slope reconstruction (default in FLUENT 5)

Donor-acceptor (default in FLUENT 4.5)
Decreasing
Accuracy
Use for highly skewed hex cells in hybrid meshes if default scheme fails.
Use higher order discretization scheme for more accuracy.
Example: jet breakup
Time-dependent with implicit scheme:
Used to compute steady-state solution when intermediate solution is not important.
Best scheme for highly skewed hex mesh.
Euler explicit
More accurate with higher discretization scheme .

Final steady-state solution is dependent on initial flow conditions
There is not a distinct inflow boundary for each phase
Example: shape of liquid interface in centrifuge
Steady-state with implicit scheme:
Used to compute steady-state solution using steady-state method.

More accurate with higher order discretization scheme .
Must have distinct inflow boundary for each phase
Example: flow around ships hull
34

TRN-98-006
Comparison of Different Front Tracking Algorithms
2nd order upwind
Donor - Acceptor
Geometric reconstruction
Geometric reconstruction
with tri mesh
35

TRN-98-006
Surface Tension
Cylinder of water (5 x 1 cm) is surrounded by air in no gravity

Surface is initially perturbed so that the diameter is 5% larger on ends
The disturbance at the surface grows because of surface tension
36

TRN-98-006
Wall Adhesion
Wall adhesion is modeled by specification of contact angle that fluid

makes with wall.
Large contact angle (> 90) is applied to water at bottom of container in

zero-gravity field.
An obtuse angle, as measured in water, will form at walls.
As water tries to satisfy contact angle condition, it detaches from bottom
and moves slowly upward, forming a bubble.
37

TRN-98-006
Choosing a Multiphase Model:

Fluid-Fluid Flows (1)
Bubbly flow examples:
Atomizers
Gas cooling
Dryers
Combustors
Scrubbers
Cryogenic pumping
Slug flow examples:
Cavitation
Flotation
Aeration
Nuclear reactors
Droplet flow examples:
Absorbers
Evaporators
Scrubbers
Air lift pumps
Large bubble motion in pipes or tanks
Separated flows
free surface, annular flows, stratified flows, liquid films
38

TRN-98-006

Gas-Liquid Flows (2)
Volume fraction Model
Comments
Less than 10%
Ignores bubble coalescence or particle-particle interaction.
All Values
All Values
DPM
Cavitation Inception of cavitation and its approximate extension.

ASMM
Applies to two phase flows only. If density of
primary phase is much less than the density of the
secondary phase, restricts to applications with small
diameter and low volume fraction of the Seconday
phase.
Eulerian
For large bubbles either use Vof or modify the Drag

law. Ignores bubble coalescence or interaction.
VOF
Bubbles should span across several cells.Applicable

to separated flows: free surface flows, annular flows,
liquid films, stratified flows.
39

TRN-98-006

Particle-Laden Flow
Examples:
Cyclones
Slurry transport
Flotation
Circulating bed reactors
Dust collectors
Sedimentation
Suspension
Fluidized bed reactors
Volume fraction Model
Comments
Less than 10%
DPM
Ignores bubble coalescence or particle-particle

interaction
ASMM
Only one solid size. More efficient than DPM. For

liquid-solid applications can be used for higher
volume fraction of solids but well below packing
limit.
Solve in a transient manner..
All values
Eulerian
Granular
40

TRN-98-006
Solution Guidelines
All multiphase calculations:
Start with a single-phase calculation to establish broad flow patterns.
Eulerian multiphase calculations:
Use COPY-PHASE-VELOCITIES to copy primary phase velocities to

secondary phases.
Patch secondary volume fraction(s) as an initial condition.
For a single outflow, use OUTLET rather than PRESSURE-INLET; for
multiple outflow boundaries, must use PRESSURE-INLET for each.
For circulating fluidized beds, avoid symmetry planes. (They promote
unphysical cluster formation.)
Set the false time step for underrelaxation to 0.001
Set normalizing density equal to physical density
Compute a transient solution
41

TRN-98-006
Solution Strategies (VOF)
For explicit formulations for best and quick results:
use geometric reconstruction or donor-acceptor

use PISO algorithm with under-relaxation factors up to 1.0
To ensure continuity, reduce termination criteria to 0.001 for pressure in multi-grid

solver
solve VOF once per time-step
For implicit formulations:
reduce time step if convergence problem arises.
always use QUICK or second order upwind difference scheme for VOF equation.
may increase VOF UNDER-RELAXATION from 0.2 (default ) to 0.5.
Use proper reference density to prevent round off errors.

Use proper pressure interpolation scheme for hydrostatic consideration:
Body force weighted scheme for all types of cells

PRESTO (only for quads and hexes)
42

TRN-98-006
Summary
Modeling multiphase flows is very complex, due to interdependence of

many variables.
Accuracy of results directly related to appropriateness of model you choose:
For most applications with low volume fraction of particles, droplets, or

bubbles, use ASMM or DPM model .
For particle-laden flows, Eulerian granular multiphase model is best.
For separated gas-liquid flows (stratified, free-surface, etc.) VOF model is best.
For general, complex gas-liquid flows involving multiple flow regimes:
Select aspect of flow that is of most interest.

Choose model that is most appropriate.
Accuracy of results will not be as good as for others, since selected physical
model will be valid only for some flow regimes.
43

TRN-98-006
Conservation equations
Conservation of mass
n
q q q q u q m pq
p 1
t
Conservation of momentum

q q u q ( q q u q u q ) q P q q q q Fq
t
n
(
R
m
u
)
pq
pq pq
Conservation of enthalpy
p 1
dpq
( q q hq ) ( q q u q hq ) q
k : u q .qq sq
t
dt
n
(Q pq m pq h pq )
p 1
44

TRN-98-006
Constitutive Equations
Frictional Flow
(u s 0)
Particles are in enduring contact and momentum transfer is through

friction
Stresses from soil mechanics, Schaeffer (1987)
Description of frictional viscosity
s , frict
Ps sin
2 I2
s max s ,coll s ,kin , s , frict
I 2 is the second invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor
45

TRN-98-006
Interphase Forces (cont.)
Virtual Mass Effect: caused by relative acceleration between phases Drew

and Lahey (1990).
K vm , fs
u
u s

f
Cvm s f (
u f u f ) (
u s u s )
t
t
Virtual mass effect is significant when the second phase density is much smaller
than the primary phase density (i.e., bubble column)
Lift Force: Caused by the shearing effect of the fluid onto the particle Drew
and Lahey (1990).
K k , fs C L s f (u f u s ) ( u f )
Lift force usually insignificant compared to drag force except when the phases
separate quickly and near boundaries
46

TRN-98-006
Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence
The transport equations for the
k model are of the form
kt
k k k k k k u k k k ( k k k ) Gk k k k k
t k
k
kt
k k k k k u k k ( k k ) k {c 1Gk c 2 k k k }
t k
kk
Value of the parameters
c k c 1
c 2 c 3
0.09 1 1.3 1.44 1.92 1.3
47

TRN-98-006
Comparison of Drag Laws

Relative Reynolds number 1 and 1000
Particle diameter 0.001 mm
Fluid-solid drag functions
Fluid-solid drag functions
14
300
12
Syamlal-O'Brien
Schuh et al.
Gidaspow
A
Arastoopour
Gidaspow B
Wen and Yu
Di Felice
10
f
8
6
4
2
0
0.01 0.06 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.28 0.34 0.39 0.45 0.5 0.56
250
Syamlal-O'Brien
Schuh et al.
Gidaspow A
Arastoopour
Gidaspow
B
Wen and Yu
Di Felice
200
f 150
100
50
0
0.01 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.55
Solids volume fraction
Solids volume fraction
48

TRN-98-006
Drag Force Models

Fluid-fluid drag functions
Schiller and Naumann
24 1 0.15 Re 0.687
4.5
CD
Re 1000
Re 1000
0.44
3.5
Schuh et al.
3
Cd
Schiller and Naumann

Schuh et al.
Morsi et Alexander
2.5
2
1.5
1
24 1 0.15 Re 0.687
0 Re 200
C D 24 0.914 Re 0.282 0.0135 Re / Re 200 Re 2500

0.4008
Re 2500
Morsi and Alexander
0.5
0
C D a1
10 2460 4910 7360 9810 12260 14710

Re
49
a2 a3
where a1 , a2 , a3 are f (Re)

Re Re 2

TRN-98-006
Solution Algorithms for Multiphase Flows

Multiphase
MultiphaseFlow
FlowSolution
Solution
Algorithms
Algorithms
Only Eulerian/Eulerian
model
Implicit/Full
Implicit/FullElimination
Elimination
Algorithm
Algorithmv4.5
v4.5
Coupled solver algorithms (more coupling between phases)
TDMA
TDMACoupled
Coupled
Algorithm
Algorithmv4.5
v4.5
Faster turn around and more stable numerics
High order discretization schemes for all phases.
More accurate results
50

TRN-98-006
Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT4.5
Problem Description
Two liquid e.g. (L1,L2) react and make solids e.g. (s1,s2)
Reactions happen within liquid e.g. (L1-->L2)
Reactions happen within solid e.g. (s1--->s2)
Solution!
Consider a two phase liquid (primary) and solid (secondary)
liquid has two species L1, L2

solid has two species s1,s2
Reactions within each phase i.e. (L1-->L2) and (s1-->s2) can be set up as
usual through GUI (like in single phase)
For heterogeneous reaction e.g. (L1+0.5L2-->0.2s1+s2)
51

TRN-98-006
Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4.5
In usrmst.F
calculate the net mass transfer between phases as a result of reactions

Reactions could be two ways
Assign this value to suterm
If the net mass transfer is from primary to secondary the value
should be negative and vica versa.
The time step and mass transfer rate should be such that the net volume
fraction change would not be more than 5-10%.
In urstrm.F
Adjust the mass fraction of each species by assigning a source or sink

value (+/-) according to mass transfer calculated above.
Adjust the enthalp of each phase by the net amount of heat of reactions
and enthalpy transfer due to mass transfer. Again this will be in a form of
a source term.
52

TRN-98-006
Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4.5
Compile your version of the code

Run Fluent and set up the case :
Enable time dependent, multiphase, temperature and species calculations.

Define phases
Enable mass transfer and multi-component multi-species option.
Define species, homogeneous reactions within each phases
Define properties
Enable user defined mass transfer
GOOD LUCK!!
53

TRN-98-006
Particle size
Descriptive terms
Coarse solid
Granular solid
Coarse powder
Fine powder
Super fine powder
Ultra fine powder
Nano Particles
Size range
5 - 100 mm
0.3 - 5 mm
100-300 m
10-100 m
1-10 m
~1 m
~1e-3 m
54
Example
coal
sugar
salt, sand
FCC catalyst
face powder
paint pigments
molecules

TRN-98-006
Discrete Random Walk Tracking
Each injection is tracked repeatedly in order to generate a statistically

meaningful sampling.
Turbulent fluctuation in the flow field are represented by defining an
instantaneous fluid velocity:
ui ui u 'i
where
u'i is derived from the local turbulence parameters:
u 'i
2k
3
and is a normally distributed random number

Mass flow rates and exchange source terms for each injection are
divided equally among the multiple stochastic tracks.
55

TRN-98-006
Cloud Tracking
The particle cloud model uses statistical methods to trace the turbulent
dispersion of particles about a mean trajectory. The mean trajectory is
calculated from the ensemble average of the equations of motion for
the particles represented in the cloud. The distribution of particles
inside the cloud is represented by a Gaussian probability density
function.
56

TRN-98-006
Stochastic vs. Cloud Tracking
Stochastic tracking:
Accounts for local variations in flow properties such as temperature,

velocity, and species concentrations.
Requires a large number of stochastic tries in order to achieve a statistically
significant sampling (function of grid density).
Insufficient number of stochastic tries results in convergence problems and
non-smooth particle concentrations and coupling source term distributions.
Recommended for use in complex geometry
Cloud tracking:
Local variations in flow properties (e.g. temperature) get averaged away

inside the particle cloud.
Smooth distributions of particle concentrations and coupling source terms.
Each diameter size requires its own cloud trajectory calculation.
57

TRN-98-006
Granular Flow Regimes

Elastic Regime
Plastic Regime
Viscous Regime
Stagnant
Slow flow
Rapid flow
Stress is strain
rate
dependent
dependent
Elasticity
theory
Strain rate
Strain
independent
Soil mechanics
58
Kinetic

TRN-98-006
Flow regimes
59

TRN-98-006
Eulerian Multiphase Model: Heat Transfer
Rate of energy transfer between phases is

function of temperature difference between
phases:
Q pq H pq Tp Tq
Hpq (= Hqp) is heat transfer coefficient between

pth phase and qth phase.
Can be modified using UDS.
Boiling water in a container:

contours of water temperature
60

TRN-98-006
Sample Planes and Particle Histograms
As particles pass through

sample planes (lines in 2-D),
their properties (position,
velocity, etc.) are written to
files. These files can then be
read into the histogram
plotting tool to plot
histograms of residence time
and distributions of particle
properties. The particle
property mean and standard
deviation are also reported.
61

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Fluent Software Training

Modeling Multiphase Flows

Fluent Inc. 11/22/16

Fluent Software Training

Definitions; Examples of flow regimes

Fluent Inc. 11/22/16

Fluent Software Training

Multiphase flow is simultaneous flow of

Matters with different phases( i.e. gas, liquid or solid).

Primary and secondary phases

A diameter has to be assigned for each secondary phase to calculate its

Dilute phase vs. Dense phase;

Refers to the volume fraction of secondary phase(s)

Volume fraction of a phase =

Volume of the phase in a cell/domain

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Multiphase flow can be classified by the

Bubbly flow: Discrete gaseous or fluid

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bubbly flow , slug flow, etc.

Model one flow regime at a time.

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Four models for multiphase flows currently available in structured

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Dispersed Phase Model

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Dispersed Phase Model

Appropriate for modeling particles, droplets, or bubbles

Computes trajectories of particle (or droplet or bubble)

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Particle Trajectory Calculations

Particle trajectories computed by solving equations of motion of the

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Coupling Between Phases

Inert particle heating and cooling

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DPM: Calculation Procedure

To determine impact of dispersed phase on continuous phase flow

Procedure is repeated until both flow fields are unchanged.

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Turbulent Dispersion of Particles

Dispersion of particle due to turbulent fluctuations in the flow can be

Discrete Random Walk Tracking (stochastic approach)

Particle Cloud Tracking

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User Defined Function Access in DPM

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Eulerian-Eulerian Multiphase Model

Becker et al. 1992

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Eulerian Multiphase Model