1

How do they behave in service?

Why they behave in the way they

do?
Is there anything that can alter their

behavior?

Recent Advance in Material

Technology
Work
Raw Material
Energy
Pollution

Building System

BUILDING SYSTEM

ANIMAL SYSTEM

structural frame
(beams, columns,
etc.)

skeleton (holds up
body)

exterior skin
( exterior doors,
windows, and roof)

skin (protects from

environment)

blood circulation
heating/cooling/venti system (moves
lating systems
energy)
electrical system
(also includes
5

How to Choose a Building System?

Satisfy the requirements for

functional performance:
stable equilibrium, Strength,

Serviceability, Safety of operation

Desired aesthetic qualities:

Visual appearance, personal choice

Not constrained by legal constraints:

Codes & ordinances
6

How to Choose a Building System?

The most economical

Funds available, life-cycle costs, etc.

Materials used are the most

appropriate for the environment

least damaging and disruptive, very

little environment damaging effluents
and emissions, etc.

Sustainability

meeting the needs of the present

generation without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet their needs.

Sustainable Design & Construction Actions

Energy efficient buildings
Re-use existing structures
Efficient land use
Use of renewable products / materials
Protect soil and water resources
Reduce / eliminate pollution

Sustainability - addressed on a Life Cycle

basis
8

Origin & Manufacture of Building Materials

Plentiful?
Renewable?
Recycled content?
Energy expended to acquire?
Manufacturing pollutants & waste?

Construction of the Building

Energy expended to acquire & install?
Pollutants generated?
Waste generated & can it be recycled?

Building Maintenance

Energy use over its lifetime?

Material impact on indoor air quality?
Maintenance required?
Maintenance materials toxic?
Recyclable?
Fire & smoke properties?

Demolition

10

Performance Before and After

Construction

Performance Concerns :
Building movements
Structural deflections
Thermal- and moisture- related

expansion and contraction

Heat flow
water vapor migration and
condensation
deterioration, building maintenance,
etc.
11

Performance Before and After

Construction

Construction Concerns
Safety, built on time
within budget
quality of construction
sequencing of construction operations
inclement weather,

quality assurance of materials, etc.

12

Material Information Resources

American Society for Testing and Materials

(ASTM)

American National Standards Institute

US Bureau of Standards

Construction Trade & Professional Associations

(Technical specifications often incorporated by reference)

13

Types of Resources
Renewable and non renewable
Usable and less usable
Used and unused resources

14

15

Resource conservation in
material production
Reduce exploitation
Greater attention to unused and

waste
Substitution with less limited type of
resources
Substitution with Renewable
resources
Increased Recycling of waste
production
16

Reduction of material
use
Reduce need of material, adaptable

building
Generality
Flexibility
Elasticity

Economical use of resources

Minimizing waste
Use to ensure durability
17

Durability of material
Climatic factors
Solar radiation
Temperature
Air pressure
Humidity
Wind and rainfall

18

Maximizing Recycling
Resource footprint and pollution

footprint
Poor durability low recycling potential
Holand (case)
80% demolition recycled to new

construction
Contracts specification on What and How
19

Levels of recycling
Re use
Recycle
Energy Recovery

20

Designing for
Salavagability

Separate Layers

21

 Possibility of disassambly within

Designing for
Salavagability

layers

22

 Use of standardized Monomaterial

Designing for
Salavagability

components

23

Energy Resource
Embodied Energy of Building Materials
85% - 95% of total energy
5% - 15% for site transport and operational

process

Direct energy for extraction and production

Secondary energy for manufacturing process
Energy for transport
24

Reduction of energy
consumption
Decentralized production
Highly efficient sources
Local source of energy
Energy efficient production

technology
Low energy products
Natural drying out of building

25

Reduction of pollution
Reduce products
large green house gas emission
Harmful gas and dust emission
Organic material in moist

26

Physics of building
materials
Weight
Compressive strength
Tensile strength
Thermal conductivity
Thermal capacity
Air permeability
Vapour permeability
Moisture regulating quality
27

Masonry
Stone
Brick
IS1077 1997 Common burnt clay building brick

specification

IS2117 1991 Guide for Manufacture of Hand-made

common burnt clay building bricks

IS3495 1992 (part 1 to 4) Testing of burnt Clay Bricks

IS 3102 1971 Classification of Burnt clay Solid Bricks
Is 3103 1971 Classification of Clay bricks

Stiff Plastic Bricks

28

Classification
Class 1

10

Class 2

7.5

Class3

5
3.5

29

Test for Bricks

Compressive strength
Water absorption
Efflorescence
Dimensional Tolerance
Hardness
Soundness

30

Masonry
Stone
Brick
Block
IS1725 1982 Specification of soil based blocks used

in general building construction

IS 2185 1979 (part1) Specification of Concrete

Masonry Unit- Concrete hollow block and solid block

IS2185 - 1984 (Part 2) Specification of Concrete

Masonry Unit- Hollow block and Solid light weight

concrete block

IS2185 - 1984 (Part 3) Specification of Concrete

Masonry Unit- Autoclaved Cellular Concrete Block

31

Classification of concrete
block
Hollow Concrete Block
Grade A :
Density > 15kN/m3
28 day comp Strength: 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 7 N/mm 2
Grade B :
Density < 15kN/m3
28 day comp Strength: 2, 3, 5 N/mm2
Grade C :
Density > 10kN/m3
28 day comp Strength: 1.5N/mm2
32

Classification of concrete
block
Solid Concrete Block
Grade A :
Density > 18kN/m3
28 day comp Strength: 4, 5 N/mm2

Paver Blocks
Autoclaved / aerated Blocks
Grade C :
Density > 10kN/m3
28 day comp Strength: 7N/mm2
33

Tests on Blocks
Appearance
Dimension
Block density
Compressive strength
Water absorption
Drying shrinkage
Moisture movement

34