Bluetooth

ad-hoc piconets

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.1

Bluetooth - original

A cable replacement technology

1 Mb/s symbol rate
Range 10+ meters
Single chip radio + baseband
at low power & low price point
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Why not use Wireless LANs?

- power
- cost
MC SS02

7.2

What does Bluetooth do for you?

Landline

Cable
Replacement

Data/Voice
Access
Points
Usage
Models Class

Personal Adhoc Networks

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.3

Bluetooth

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.4

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.5

Who is Bluetooth?

Harald Blaatand Bluetooth II

King of Denmark 940-981

Son of Gorm the Old (King of Denmark) and Thyra Danebod (daughter of King
Ethelred of England)

This is one of two Runic stones erected in his capital city of Jelling (central
Jutland)
This is the front of the stone depicting the chivalry of Harald
Harald controlled Denmark and Norway
Harald thinks mobile PCs and cellular phones should seamlessly
communicate

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.6

Bluetooth Working Group History

February 1998: The Bluetooth SIG is formed

promoter company group: Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Nokia, Toshiba

May 1998: Public announcement of the Bluetooth SIG

December 1999: The promoter group increases to 9

3Com, Lucent, Microsoft, Motorola

November 1999: IEEE802.15 was formed to promote WPANs

WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Networks
July 2009: There are 10000+ adopters
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.7

Bluetooth Protocol Stack

Applications
IP

Data
Audio

ro l

RFCOMM

Co
nt

SDP

L2CAP
Link Manager

Baseband
RF

Single chip with RS-232,

USB, or PC card interface

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.8

Bluetooth Radio Specification

Applications
IP

Data
Audio

ro l

RFCOMM

Co
nt

SDP

L2CAP
Link Manager

Baseband
RF
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.9

Radio Spectrum

12cm

5cm

83.5 Mhz

125 Mhz

2.4 Ghz

5.725 Ghz

2.4835 Ghz

5.785 Ghz
802.11a
HiperLan2

802.11b/g
Bluetooth
Microwave oven

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.10

Bluetooth Radio Link

1Mhz

. . .
79

12 3

83.5 Mhz

frequency hopping spread spectrum

2.402 GHz + k MHz, k=0, , 78
1,600 hops per second

GFSK modulation
1 Mb/s symbol rate

transmit power
0 dbm (up to 20dbm with power control)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.11

Reliability

The hostile ISM band is managed

by:

1. Frequency hopping
2. Adaptive power control
3. Short data packets

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.12

Bluetooth Baseband

Applications
IP

Data
Audio

ro l

RFCOMM

Co
nt

SDP

L2CAP
Link Manager

Baseband
RF
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.13

Bluetooth Physical Link

Point to point link

master - slave relationship
radios can function as masters or slaves

Piconet
Master can connect to 7 slaves
Each piconet has max capacity (1 Mbps)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

s
7.14

Piconet
Collection of devices connected in an ad hoc
fashion
P

One unit acts as master and the others as slaves

for the lifetime of the piconet

S
M

Master determines hopping pattern, slaves have

to synchronize

SB

S
P

Each piconet has a unique hopping pattern

Participation in a piconet = synchronization to
hopping sequence
Each piconet has one master and up to 7
simultaneous slaves (> 200 could be parked)
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

SB

M=Master
S=Slave
P=Parked (can be reactivated
within some milliseconds)
SB=Standby (not active at all)

MC SS02

7.15

Forming a piconet

All devices in a piconet hop together

Master gives slaves its clock and device ID

Hopping pattern: determined by device ID (48 bit, unique worldwide)
Phase in hopping pattern determined by clock

Addressing

Active Member Address (AMA, 3 bit)

Parked Member Address (PMA, 8 bit)

SB
SB

SB
SB
SB

SB
SB

SB

SB
SB

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

SB
7.16

Link types

ACL Asynchronous Connection Less

Used for all data communication and signalling.
A device may keep multiple ACL connections.

SCO Synchrounous Connection Oriented

Used for synchrounous voice transmission (Point to Point).

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.17

Bluetooth Packet Format

72 bits 54 bits
Access
code

Header

0 - 2744 bits
Payload

Access code:
Synchronization.
Identification.

Header:

AM-ADDR: MAC-address
Type: payload type
Flow: flow control
ARQ: fast retransmit
HEC

header

Voice
No CRC
No retries
FEC (optional)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

Data

CRC

ARQ
FEC (optional)

7.18

Bluetooth Channel

FH/TDD
f1

Hopping pattern is decided by the master

f2

f3

f4

f5

f6

s1
s2
625 sec

1600 hops/sec

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.19

Multislot Packets

Data rate depends on type of packet

FH/TDD

f1

f4

f5

f6

s1
s2
625 sec
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.20

Data Packet Types for ACL

Symmetric

2/3 FEC

DM1

108.8 108.8 108.8

DM3

258.1 387.2

54.4

286.7 477.8

36.3

DM5

Symmetric
No FEC

Asymmetric

DH1
DH3

Asymmetric

172.8 172.8 172.8

390.4 585.6 86.4
433.9 723.2 57.6

DH5

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

kbps

MC SS02

7.21

kbps

Link types
SCO Synchrounous Connection Oriented
Used for synchrounous voice transmission (Classic telephone (voice)).
Connections require symmetrical, circuit switched, point-to-point connections
The master reserves two consecutive slots (forward and return slots) at fixed intervals.
Using an SCO link, three different types of single-slot packets can be used

payload (30)
HV1
HV2
HV3

audio (10)

FEC (20)
audio (20)

FEC (10)
audio (30)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.22

Physical Link Types

Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO) Link

slot reservation at fixed intervals

Asynchronous Connection-less (ACL) Link

Polling access method

SCO ACL

ACL

SCO

ACL

ACL

SCO ACL

ACL

s1
s2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.23

Robustness
Slow frequency hopping with hopping patterns determined by a master
Protection from interference on certain frequencies
Separation from other piconets (FH-CDMA)

Retransmission

Error in payload
(not header!)

ACL only, very fast

Forward Error Correction

MASTER

SLAVE 1

NAK

SCO and ACL

A

ACK

SLAVE 2
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

G
MC SS02

G
7.24

Link Manager Protocol (LMP)

Applications
IP

Data
Audio

r ol

RFCOMM

Co
nt

SDP

L2CAP
Link Manager

Baseband
RF
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Setup and management

of Baseband connections
Piconet Management
Link Configuration
Security
MC SS02

7.25

L2CAP

Applications
IP
SDP

Logical Link Control and

Adaptation Protocol

RFCOMM

Data
Audio

L2CAP
Link Manager

Baseband
RF

L2CAP provides
Protocol multiplexing
Segmentation and Re-assembly
Quality of service negotiation

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.26

Profiles
Represent default solutions for a certain usage model
Vertical slice through the protocol stack
Basis for interoperability

Applications
Protocols

Generic Access Profile

Service Discovery Application Profile
Cordless Telephony Profile
Intercom Profile
Serial Port Profile
Additional Profiles
Headset Profile
Advanced Audio Distribution
Dial-up Networking Profile
PAN
Fax Profile
Audio Video Remote Control
LAN Access Profile
Basic Printing
Generic Object Exchange Profile
Basic Imaging
Object Push Profile
Extended Service Discovery
File Transfer Profile
Generic Audio Video Distribution
Hands Free
Synchronization Profile
Hardcopy Cable Replacement
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.27

Profiles

Scatternet

Scatternet
A set of inter-connected piconets
Some devices participate in more than
one piconet
Called Bridging node.
A Bridging node may be slave in
several piconets but only master in one
of its piconets

Master

Slave 3

A Bridging node may only participate

in one piconet at a time

Slave 2

Slave 1

Bluetooth unit only has one transceiver

Different frequency hop sequences used for
each piconet
Has to switch between piconets on a time
division basis

Master 2
Slave 4/
Master 3

Scatternet scheduling

The task of controlling the presence of

Bridging nodes in different piconets

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

Slave 5
MC SS02

7.28

Scatternet Example
PDA
mouse

Cordles
s
headset

Cell phone

Cell phone

PDA

Cell phone

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.29

End

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.30

Example: Power consumption/CSR BlueCore2

Typical Average Current Consumption (1)
VDD=1.8V Temperature = 20C
Mode
SCO connection HV3 (1s interval Sniff Mode) (Slave)
SCO connection HV3 (1s interval Sniff Mode) (Master)
SCO connection HV1 (Slave)
SCO connection HV1 (Master)
ACL data transfer 115.2kbps UART (Master)
ACL data transfer 720kbps USB (Slave)
ACL data transfer 720kbps USB (Master)
ACL connection, Sniff Mode 40ms interval, 38.4kbps UART
ACL connection, Sniff Mode 1.28s interval, 38.4kbps UART
Parked Slave, 1.28s beacon interval, 38.4kbps UART
Standby Mode (Connected to host, no RF activity)
Deep Sleep Mode(2)
Notes:
(1) Current consumption is the sum of both BC212015A and the flash.
(2) Current consumption is for the BC212015A device only.
(More: www.csr.com )
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

26.0 mA
26.0 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
15.5 mA
53.0 mA
53.0 mA
4.0 mA
0.5 mA
0.6 mA
47.0 A
20.0 A

7.31

Baseband

Piconet/channel definition
Low-level packet definition

Access

Channel, device access, e.g., derived from master

Packet

code
header

1/3-FEC, active member address (broadcast + 7 slaves), link type, alternating

bit ARQ/SEQ, checksum
68(72)

54

0-2745

access code packet header

4
preamble

64
sync.

(4)

(trailer) AM address

bits

payload

type

flow

ARQN

SEQN

HEC

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

MC SS02

7.32

bits

ACL Payload types

payload (0-343)
header (1/2)
DM1 header (1)
DH1 header (1)
DM3

header (2)

DH3

header (2)

DM5

header (2)

DH5

header (2)

payload (0-339)
payload (0-17)

2/3 FEC

payload (0-27)
payload (0-121)

CRC (2)

CRC (2)

2/3 FEC

CRC (2)

payload (0-183)

CRC (2)

payload (0-224)

2/3 FEC

payload (0-339)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen Schiller, http://www.jochenschiller.de/

(bytes)

CRC (2)

MC SS02

CRC (2)
CRC (2)

7.33