Microbiology Chapter 1

Microbiology - The science that studies very small living

things
Usually requires a magnification tool the microscope
Some organisms are large though Helminths worms
Sub groups of Microbes we will study
Bacteria
Archaea
Fungi
Protozoans
Algae
Viruses
Multicellular animal parasites Helminths

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Bacteria

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Fungi

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Giardia

Protozoans
Ameba

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Bacteriophage

Viruses
Avian Flu

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Tapeworm

Helminth
Ascaris round worm

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Various disciplines of study within
microbiology:
Bacteriology, Mycology, Parisitology,
Immunology,
Epidemiology,
Biotechnology
Virology
Environmental Microbiology
Bioremediation

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Historical review of the Science of
Microbiology
Robert Hook 1665 Englishman, used a
primitive compound (two magnifying lenses)
microscope, reported that lifes smallest
units were little boxes Cells, his work
started the process of the development of
the Cell theory of life

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Hooks microscope

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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek 1673 probably the first person to observe living
cells with a simple microscope, amateur
scientist, ground his own lenses and
described what we know today as bacteria
rod shaped , spiral shaped , etc.
animalcules

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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek

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Francesco Redi 1668 opposed the

prevailing theory of Spontaneous Generation,
maggots in meat , He used covered jars to
show that maggots came from flies strong
evidence against spontaneous generation
Now we teach the theory of Biogenesis
Life comes from Life
But issue of Spontaneous Generation was
actively believed for many more years

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Francesco Redi

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Edward Jenner is credited with first vaccine in
epidemics of smallpox during the late 1700s he observed
that milk maids didnt get the disease, cattle had a similar
disease cowpox, milk maids had cow pox lesions, but
not small pox, he purposefully took scrapings from cowpox
blister and scraped a 8 year old volunteer. With the material
child got mild illness but not small pox,
Vaccination comes from Latin word vacca meaning cow.
Jenner laid the foundation for Pasteurs later work with
other vaccinations.
(Vaccinia virus similar to Variola smallpox virus, today a
possible bioterror weapon genetically engineered
variola?)

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Jenner and vaccination

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Pasteur French sceintist that dealt the death blow to the
spontaneous generation theory.
He devised the ingenious curved necked flasks that
prevented contaminated air from reaching boiled beef broth
the broth remained uncontaminated even though
exposed to the air
He was very lucky no endopores present, or it would
have failed
(resitant to boiling)

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1. He developed process we call Pasteuriztion
he heated wine to kill contaminating microbes
cured sick wine (today we heat treatment to kill
pathogens in milk also)
2. He proved that fermentation was caused by a
microbe yeast
3. He developed vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
Vaccines led to immunity to diseases that routinely
killed many people, used to help people long
before they understood how they even worked
(science of Immunology)
4. He began the revolution in science that led to
the Golden Age of
Microbiology (from 1857-1914)

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Robert Koch - Developed Kochs postulates important technique
for determining the
actual microbial cause agent of a disease more later, German,
contemporary of Pasteur, several very important contributions
1. He discovered the tuberculosis bug (tubercle bacillus,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2. He discovered the cause of anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) from
blood of dead cattle, cultured bacteria in pure culture,
injected bacteria in live cattle and they died, then again cultured the
bacteria in pure culture. This led to the
establishment of a procedure for determining microbial
cause of disease (see p. ____-for modern application of Kochs
postulates)

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Kochs postulates

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Kochs and Pasteurs work helped

establish the Germ Theory of Disease
- that
microorganisms cause disease (in
people, animals, and even plants)

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Iwanowski 1892 - Discovered that plant disease

can be caused by small organisms that
were so small they passed through filters , Tobacco
mosaic virus (TMV) was later
identified as the cause - beginning of virology
(Today we have discovered new and
weird things like viroids, prions) See next slide

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Paul Ehrlich, German doctor, wanted to find a
magic bullet an agent that would kill
the disease agent without hurting the patient (see
the Coming plague video, part 1)
1. Developed Salvarsan, salvation from
syphilisagent
2. This was an arsenical arsenic compound, that
was effective against syphilis
Antimicrobial agent, medicine to treat a
microbial disease, it was chemical
chemotherapy

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Syphilis spirochete: T. pallidum

Paul Ehrlich

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Joseph Lister 1860s, English surgeon that
applied ideas of the germ theory to surgery,
remembered the work of Semmelweis in Hungary
in the 1840s, if a Dr. would wash their hands
childbed fever was prevented. He knew that
phenol would kill bacteria; put 2 and 2 together
and treated wounds with phenol - and no infection
(phenol is the basic agent of todays Lysol)
1. First antiseptic use in surgery, chemicals used
as agents on tissue before surgery
(tissue treated with an antimicrobial agent
antiseptic, betadine) disinfectants are
chemicals, used on a surface
2. Also proved that microbes cause surgical
infections (todays scourge MRSA)

Semmelweis

Lister
Antisepsis in surgery

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Alexander Fleming - Scottish physician and bacteriologist - 1928

Observed mold growing on a bacteria culture, there was a ring of
clearing around the mold where the bacteria didnt grow, the mold
was later found to be a Penicillium species and the naturally
secreted chemical was called penicillin, an antibiotic
1. Antibiotics are natural agents
2. Synthetic drugs are chemicals produced in labs (sulfas)
3. Problems with them - toxicity, resistance, allergic reactions
4. Flemings work - shelved until early WWII, sulfas were failing,
needed penicillin to cure battle field wounds
5. Now have thousands of antibiotics and synthetics (and a
significant problem resistance)

Flemming and Penicillium

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Salk - Polio vaccine, 1950s polio was a scary
epidemic, Salk developed a vaccine by
treating the virus with formalin (IPV) inactivated
polio virus
Sabin 1963 live Polio virus vaccine, attenuated
altered virus, OPV-oral polio vaccine
The work done on polio revolutionized the science
of virology and we are seeing
the results today in advances with Hepatitis and
HIV viral infections - tissue
culture and other techniques

Avery and Macleod, DNA is genetic material

Watson and Crick, DNA, 1953

DNA Double helix

Double Helix

Salk; IPV

Sabin, OPV

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Jacob and Monod 1965 Did research on RNA and
protein synthesis in bacteria - last
necessary step in understanding how genetics works on a
cellular level (Replication,
Transcription, Translation protein synthesis expression
of traits)
Modern science thrives today only on the laid foundation of
thousands of men and
women who did mundane routine and often boring lab
science. Dont forget that we are
here today because we stand on the shoulders of Giants
who were people just like you
and me. (Who are the Giants today? CDC, USAMRID,
young Joe or Mary the graduate
student?, maybe you?)

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Classification, Taxonomy, Binomial
Nomenclature - Yucchy!!!!! No one likes
it. Just do it!!!

The Classification of Living

Things
Living organisms are assigned to groups
based upon their similarities.

Systematics is the discipline of

identifying and classifying organisms.

Domains
The highest largest category, recent addition
3 domains
1. Archaea ancient bacteria, unicellular like
bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote no
nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry)
allowing them to exist in extreme environments
2. Bacteria unicellular, prokaryote, found
everywhere (Old kingdom name Monera)
3. Eukarya unicellular to multicellular, complex and
organized cells with nuclei and organelles
(mitochondria)

Domain Archaea
Archaea are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus. Prokaryote
Archaea can be found
in environments that
are too hostile for
other life forms.

Domain Bacteria
Bacteria are singlecelled organisms that
lack a membranebound nucleus.
(Prokaryote also)
Bacteria are found
almost everywhere on
the planet Earth.

Domain Eukarya
The cells of all eukaryotes have a membranebound nucleus. Members of the Domain
Eukarya are further categorized into one of
four Kingdoms. (know these kingdoms)

Microbiology
Check your notes; Older 5 kingdom
scheme is still widely used
Monera bacteria (Prokaryotic)
Protista Protozoans (Eukaryotic)
Fungi - yeast, molds, etc. (Eukaryotic)
Plant photosynthetic producers
(Eukaryotic)
Animals heterotrophic consumers
(Eukaryotic)

Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Categories of Classification
Domain - Dumb
Kingdom - King
Phylum - Philip
Class Came
Order - Over
Family - For
Genus - Good
Species -

Spaghetti?

__

Categories of Classification
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Most inclusive

Least inclusive

Categories of Classification

Scientific Names
Binomial (two name) Genus first and first letter
capitalized, then species not capitalized. If
written or typed either underline or italicize

Genus name, species name

Homo sapiens - italicized
Homo troglodytis (Your EX?) underlined
Canis familiaris Your puppy (except poodles)
Felis domesticus Your Kitty (some strange people
have to have Felis leo or Felis tigris)
Canis latrans Invites your kitty over for lunch
Canis lupus - ____________? guess

Know for test

3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
4 Eukarya Kingdoms
Protista Protozoans like Ameba and
Paramecium (producers and consumers)
Fungi yeasts, molds, mushrooms
(consumers)
Plants complex producers, trees, grasses
Animals complex consumers

Classification of Bacteria
Somewhat different: a clinical rapid ID is
often important when trying to find
causative agent of a disease
Bergeys manual: Manual is in lab for a
reference when doing unknown
Developed on 1940s for grouping bacteria
according to standard diagnostic lab
techniques available at the time (such as
Grams stain)

Classification of Bacteria
Gram + cocci

Gram - bacilli

Classification of Bacteria

Gram - Spirochete

Gram + bacilli

Classification of Bacteria
The manual divides bacteria into 4 groups
or divisions on the basis of their Cell Wall
1. Gram + (stain violet)
2. Gram - (destain, and are counterstained
pink or reddish color)
3. Bacteria that lack a cell wall (mycoplasma)
4. organisms that have a cell wall lacking
peptidoglycan (archaeobacteria Now
called Archaea

Classification of Bacteria
More modern methods now used:
1. DNA studies, genomics, gene probes
2. using Bacterial viruses bacteriophages
3. Serology antibody antigen reactions (like
blood typing)

Examples: Salmonella typhi

Salmonella typhimurium
Azotobacter vinelandii 12837
E. coli 0157H7 nasty strain of E. coli