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Specification of CTS:: Saturated Values of Rated Burden Are
Specification of CTS:: Saturated Values of Rated Burden Are
.CTs are defined in terms of rated burden, accuracy class and accuracy limit
:Saturated values of rated burden are
VA 30 & 15, 10, 7.5, 5, 2.5
:Saturated accuracy limit factors are
30 & 20 ,5,10,15
Two accuracy classes (5% & 10 %) are quoted 5P & 10P which give a
composite error at rated accuracy limit. The method of describing at CT is
.as following
VA class 5P20 15
It means the burden is 15 and will not have more than 5% error at 20 times its
. rated current
Design requirements of CT are specified in terms of knee point voltage,*
magnetizing current at knee point and secondary resistance. There are
.known in general as "class x" CTs
Application:
In specifying CT's, the variation of impedance over the range of setting
.any relays should be taken into consideration
:Example
The normal burden of an over current relay is VA at setting, where the
normal setting range of the relay is 50% to 200% of nominal current.
:There for a 1 A relay set to 50% would have
Current setting = 50*1 = 0.5 A
Voltage across the coil = = 6V
Relay impedance = = 12
%At 200
Current setting = 200*1 = 2 A
Voltage across the coil = = 1.5V
Relay impedance = = 0.75
If the characteristic of the relay should be maintained up to 20 times the relay setting, then
the Vkp not less than 20 * 6 V=120 V for a 50% setting
.Or 20 * 1.5V= 30 V for a 200% setting
However, the relay operating at 20 times its setting will have saturated
magnetically and therefore the impedance will be reduced. Hence,
in the case of the lowest setting core must be taken when
.specifying
The impedance at setting, which means that Vkp = 60 would be
satisfactory because the relay would have saturated before times.
For an earth fault relay having minimum setting of 20% would have
:voltage at setting of
3VA
15V
0 .2 A
Accuracy
VTs usually have range of voltage from 80% to 120 % and range
of burden from 25 % to 100 %. In protection when voltage
suppressed, accuracy measurement may be important during
.fault condition
Protection:
The primary side of VTs are usually protected by HRC fuses and fuses
or miniature circuit breaker on the secondary side
:Residual Connection
During earth fault of any one of the three phases, it is not possible to derive a
voltage in the conventional manner. Therefore, the residual (broken delta)
connection as shown in figure (3.5) must be used. Under the three-phase
balanced conditions the three voltage sum to zero. If one voltage is absent
during fault condition, then the difference in voltages between the phases
will be delivered to the relay
:Capacitor VTs
The cost of the electromagnetic VTs at voltages of 132 kV or more is very high.
Thus, the capacitor VTs is proposed to be the more economical equipment.
It is virtually a capacitance voltage divide with a tuning inductance and an
.auxiliary transformer as shown in figure (3.6)
?What is a relay
define a relay as an electric device that is designed to interpret) IEEE(
input condition in a prescribed manner and after specified condition
are met to respond to cause contact operation .Relay are utilized in
.all as pacts of activity, the home ,communication , industry..etc
A protective relay is defined as a relay whose function is to detect
defective line or apparatus or other power system condition of an
abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate appropriate control
circuit condition. Fuse are also used in protection and define as an
over current protective device with in a circuit opening fusible part
that is heated and severed by the passage of the over current
.thought it
Fig-1.9 Typical single line ac connection of a protective relay with its de trip schematic
:Classification of Relays
Classification can be done by different ways, such as by function,
input, performance characteristics an operating be divided into five
:types
:i) Protective Relays
Protective relays and fuses operate on the intolerable power system
conditions. They are applied to all parts of the power system;
generates, buses, TFs, TLs, distribution lines and feeds, motors,
loads, capacitors banks and reactors. Fuses are usually used for
.low voltage level (480 V)
:ii) Regulating Relays
Regulating relays are associated with tap changer of TFs, on
governor of generating equipment to control the voltages level with
. varying load (used during normal conditions)
I
b
I
a
The applied torque would accelerate the disc to a speed limited only by friction and windage
: control can be done by two ways
By permanent magnet whose field passes through the disk and produces a breaking force , - 1
.which control the time characteristic of the relay
.By control spring which produces a torque proportional to disc angular disc placement - 2
Which is an inverse time characteristic
r current protection
:The standard relay characteristic
t = 3*(log M)-1 = (3)/(log M)
where, M: multiple of setting.
At twice setting current, operation time = 10
.sec
And at 10 * the setting current, operation time
.= 3 sec
75%
100%
125%
150%
175%
7
200%
This method uses time intervals to give the relay nearest to the fault to
operate first. Figure (9.1) Shows that the radial feeders have CBs at the in
feed end of each section, where each protection comprises a definite time
delay over current relay in which the operation of current sensitive element
.initiates the time delay element
Figure (9.1)
:Discrimination by current
Fault currents varies with the fault positions due to the difference in impedances relays are set at a
.tapered values such that only the relay nearest to the fault trips its CB, Fig (9.2)