Digital Communications I:

Modulation and Coding Course

Term 3 - 2008
Catharina Logothetis
Lecture 7

Last time we talked about:

Another source of error due to

filtering effect of the system:

Inter-symbol interference (ISI)

The techniques to reduce ISI

Pulse shaping to achieve zero ISI at the
sampling time
Equalization to combat the filtering
effect of the channel

Lecture 7

Today, we are going to talk

about:

Some bandpass modulation schemes

used in DCS for transmitting
information over channel

M-PAM, M-PSK, M-FSK, M-QAM

How to detect the transmitted

information at the receiver
Coherent detection
Non-coherent detection

Lecture 7

Block diagram of a DCS

Format

Source
encode

Channel
encode

Pulse
modulate

Bandpass
modulate

Channel

Digital modulation
Digital demodulation
Format

Source
decode

Channel
decode

Detect

Lecture 7

Demod.
Sample

Bandpass modulation

Bandpass modulation:

The process of
converting a data signal to a sinusoidal waveform
where its amplitude, phase or frequency, or a
combination of them, are varied in accordance
with the transmitting data.
Bandpass signal:

2 Ei
si (t ) gT (t )
cos c t (i 1)t i (t ) 0 t T
T
where gT (t ) is the baseband pulse shape with energy
Eg

We assume here (otherwise will be stated):

g (t ) is a rectangular pulse shape with unit energy.
T

Gray coding is used for mapping bits to symbols.

1

Es denotes average symbol energy givenEsby

Lecture 7

M
i 1

Ei
5

Demodulation and detection

Demodulation: The receiver signal is

converted to baseband, filtered and sampled.
Detection: Sampled values are used for
detection using a decision rule such as the ML
detection rule.
1 (t )

z1

r (t )
N (t )

zN

z1

z N
Lecture 7

Decision
circuits
(ML detector)

Coherent detection

Coherent detection
requires carrier phase recovery at the
receiver and hence, circuits to perform
phase estimation.
Sources of carrier-phase mismatch at
the receiver:

Propagation delay causes carrier-phase

offset in the received signal.
The oscillators at the receiver which
generate the carrier signal, are not usually
phased locked to the transmitted carrier.

Lecture 7

Coherent detection ..

Circuits such as Phase-Locked-Loop

(PLL) are implemented at the receiver
estimation (
for carrier phase
).
I branch

r (t ) gT (t )

2 Ei
cos i t i (t ) n(t )
T

Oscillator

2
cos c t
T

PLL

Used by
correlators

90 deg.
2
sin c t
T

Lecture 7

Q branch

Bandpass Modulation Schemes

One dimensional waveforms

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
M-ary Pulse Amplitude Modulation (MPAM)

Two dimensional waveforms

M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
M-ary Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (M-QAM)

Multidimensional waveforms

M-ary Frequency Shift Keying (M-FSK)

Lecture 7

One dimensional modulation,

demodulation and detection

Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)

modulation:
2 Ei
si (t )
cos c t
T
si (t ) ai 1 (t ) i 1, , M

2
1 (t )
cos c t
T

On-off keying (M=2):

0

s2
0

s1

1 (t )

E1

ai Ei

Lecture 7

10

One dimensional mod.,

M-ary Pulse Amplitude modulation (MPAM)

2
si (t ) ai
cos c t
T

4-PAM:

si (t ) ai 1 (t ) i 1, , M

00

s1

2
1 (t )
cos c t
T

3 Eg

01

11

s3

s2

Eg

Eg

10

s4

1 (t )

3 Eg

ai (2i 1 M ) E g
Ei s i

E g 2i 1 M

( M 2 1)
Es
Eg
3

Lecture 7

11

Example of bandpass
modulation:
Binary PAM

Lecture 7

12

One dimensional mod.,...contd

Coherent detection of M-PAM

1 (t )

r (t )

z1

ML detector
(Compare with M-1 thresholds)

Lecture 7

13

Two dimensional modulation,

demodulation and detection (MPSK)
M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
si (t )

2 Es
2i

cos c t

T
M

si (t ) ai1 1 (t ) ai 2 2 (t ) i 1, , M
2
1 (t )
cos c t
T
2i
ai1 Es cos

M
Es Ei s i

2
2 (t )
sin c t
T
2i
ai 2 Es sin

Lecture 7

14

Two dimensional mod., (MPSK)

BPSK (M=2)
2 (t )

s1

8PSK (M=8)

s2

Eb

Eb

1 (t )

010

s4

s3

2 (t )

011

s2

QPSK (M=4)

Es

2 (t )

01

s2

00

s1

10

s5

1 (t )

111

100

s6

1 (t )

11

s000
1

110

Es

s3

001

s8
101

s7

s4
Lecture 7

15

Two dimensional mod.,(MPSK)

Coherent detection of MPSK

1 (t )

r (t )
2 (t )

z1
z1
arctan
z2

Compute

| i |

Choose
smallest

z2

Lecture 7

16

Two dimensional mod., (MQAM)

M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Mod. (MQAM)2 E

i
si (t )
cos c t i
T

si (t ) ai1 1 (t ) ai 2 2 (t ) i 1, , M

1 (t )

2
2
cos c t 2 (t )
sin c t
T
T

where ai1 and ai 2 are PAM symbols and Es

( M 1, M 1)

2( M 1)
3

( M 3, M 1)

( M 1, M 1)

ai1 , ai 2 ( M 1, M 3) ( M 3, M 3) ( M 1, M 3)

( M 1, M 1) ( M 3, M 1) ( M 1, M 1)
Lecture 7

17

Two dimensional mod., (MQAM)

16-QAM
0000

s1

1000

s5

2 (t )
0001 0011

s2

1001

s6

-3

-1

s9

s10

1100

1101

s13

s14

0100

0101

s3

0010

s4

1011 1010
1

s7

s8

1 (t )

12
11
-1
1111 1110
16
15
-3
0111 0110

Lecture 7

18

Two dimensional mod., (MQAM)

Coherent detection of M-QAM

1 (t )

z1

ML detector
(Compare with M 1 thresholds)

r (t )

Parallel-to-serial
converter

2 (t )

z2

ML detector
(Compare with M 1 thresholds)

Lecture 7

19

Multi-dimensional modulation,
demodulation & detection
M-ary Frequency Shift keying (MFSK)
2 Es
2 Es
si (t )
cos i t
cos c t (i 1)t
T

1
f

2 2T

3 (t )

si (t ) aij j (t ) i 1, , M

s3

j 1

2
i (t )
cos i t
T
Es Ei s i

Es i j
i j
0

aij

Es

s2

s1

2 (t )

Es
Es

1 (t )

Lecture 7

20

Multi-dimensional mod.,(MFSK)

1 (t )

z1

r (t )
M (t )

zM

z1

ML detector:

z M

Lecture 7

Choose
the largest element
in the observed vector

21

Non-coherent detection

Non-coherent detection:
No need for a reference in phase with
the received carrier
Less complexity compared to coherent
detection at the price of higher error
rate.

Lecture 7

22

Non-coherent detection

Differential coherent detection

Differential encoding of the message

The symbol phase changes if the current

bit is different from the previous bit.

si (t )

2E
cos 0t i (t ) , 0 t T , i 1,...,M
T
k (nT ) k ((n 1)T ) i (nT )

Symbol index: k
Data bits: mk
Diff. encoded bits
Symbol phase: k

0 1 2 3 4
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0 0
0 0

5 6 7
0 1 1
1 1 1

Lecture 7

s2

s1
23

1 (t )

Non-coherent detection

Coherent detection for diff encoded mod.

assumes slow variation in carrier-phase mismatch
during two symbol intervals.
correlates the received signal with basis functions
uses the phase difference between the current
received vector and previously estimated symbol

2E
r (t )
cos 0t i (t ) n(t ), 0 t T
T
i (nT ) j ((n 1)T ) i (nT ) j ((n 1)T ) i (nT )
2 (t )

(a2 , b2 )

Lecture 7

(a1 , b1 )

1 (t )

24

Non-coherent detection

Optimum differentially coherent detector

1 (t )

r (t )

Decision

Delay
T

Sub-optimum differentially coherent detector

r (t )

Decision

Delay
T

Performance degradation about 3 dB by using

sub-optimal detector

Lecture 7

25

Non-coherent detection

Energy detection

Non-coherent detection for orthogonal

signals (e.g. M-FSK)

Carrier-phase offset causes partial correlation

between I and Q branches for each candidate
signal.

The received energy corresponding to each

candidate signal is used for detection.

Lecture 7

26

Non-coherent detection

Non-coherent detection of BFSK

2 / T cos(1t )

z11

2
2

z11 z12

2 / T sin(1t )

r (t )

z12

z (T )

2 / T cos( 2t )

z 21

z 21 z 22

2 / T sin( 2t )

z 22

Decision stage:
if z (T ) 0, m 1
if z (T ) 0, m 0

2
Lecture 7

27