Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communications
Week # 8
1
Contents
2
Noncoherent Detection
Introduction
• There are some applications in which it would very difficult and expensive to
use coherent detection.
• For example, the propagation delay on some radio channels changes too
rapidly to permit accurate tracking of the carrier phase at the receiver, and
the unsynchronized or noncoherent detection becomes the only viable
recourse.
• In the noncoherent detection, it is not required that the reference signal at
the receiver (could be i(t)) to be in phase with the received signal, r(t).
3
Noncoherent Detection
Introduction
If the transmitted signal is
5
Binary Binary Source Diff. Encoder BPSK
Differential
Phase Shift
Keying DEMOD.
(detector)
(BDPSK)
Ik is the information message. In case of binary, the
message is {0, 1}.
Let Ck be defined as:
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ik 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
ck 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1
k 0 0 0 0
I^ k 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
7
In the above example, we chose the initial Ck to be 1.
This is an arbitrary choice. Moreover, instead of the
exclusive NOR, we could choose exclusive OR. If the
later is chosen, then above condition is reversed.
Example: Notice the difference between the PSK and DPSK. As we
recall, in PSK, the received signal is compared with a
clean reference. However, in DPSK, two noisy signals are
compared with each other
There are other ways to come up with differentional
pulse shift keying (DPSK). For example, let us assume
that another encoder is
Ik XOR Ck
Ck-1 8
k 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ik 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Example: ck 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
ck 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0
Ik 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
Noncoherent
FSK
where is a r.v. uniformly distributed over [0, 2 ].
Notice here that the phase measurement is not exploited here.
All what we need is an energy measurement.
Since our receiver is an energy detector, and we don’t know the phase, it
requires twice as many channel branches as the coherent receiver.
Two in phase (I) and two quadrature(Q) channels to detect the signal associated
with the frequency 1 and 2 .
10
Detection of
Noncoherent
FSK
The bases signals are:
11
Detection of
Noncoherent
FSK
12
The lower branch
Detection of
Noncoherent
FSK
Now,
two- s9
“1100”
s10
“1101”
-1
s
11 12
“1111” “1110”
s “101” s7
2 (t)
1 (t)
s3 “11” “10”
s4
14
Error Before evaluating the error probability, it is
modulation
The decision variable, z, is compared with M-1 thresholds,
corresponding to M decision regions for detection purposes.
1 (t )
T r1
r (t )
0 r1 Decision
⁝ r
r Circuits mˆ
N (t) Compare z
T rN with threshold.
0 rN
15
Error The matched filters output (observation vector= r ) is
the detector input and the decision variable is a z f (r)
probability function of r , i.e.
For MPAM, MQAM and MFSK with coherent detection z r
16
Error AWGN channel model: r s i n
The signal vector si (ai1, ai2 ,..., aiN ) is deterministic.
probability The elements of the noise vector n (n1 , n2 ,..., nN ) are
i.i.d Gaussian random variables with zero-mean and
variance N0 / 2 . The noise vector's pdf is
1 n2
pn (n) exp
N 0 N /2
N0
The elements of the observed vector r (r1 , r2 ,..., rN )
are independent Gaussian random variables. Its pdf is
1 r s
2
pr (r | s i ) exp i
N 0 N /2
N0
17
Error BPSK and BFSK with coherent detection:
probability s s /2
P Q
N /2 B
1 2
2 (t) 0 1 (t)
“0” “1”
BPSK s1 s2 BFSK
“0”
s1 Eb
s1 s 2 2Eb
Eb Eb 1 (t)
s 2“1”
2 (t)
s1 s 2 2 Eb Eb
2Eb Eb
PB Q PB Q
N N
0 0
18
Error Non-coherent detection of BFSK
probability
2 / T c o s ( 1t )
Decision variable:
Difference of envelopes
T r11
2 z z1 z 2
0
z r 2 r 2
1 11 12
2 / T s in ( 1 t )
T r12
r(t)
0
2 + z
Decision rule:
m̂
2 / T c o s ( 2 t ) if z(T ) 0, m̂ 1
r 21 if z(T ) 0, m̂ 0
T
2 -
0
2 / T sin ( 2 t ) z r 2
r 2
2 21 22
T r 22
0
2 19
Error Non-coherent detection of BFSK …
probability PB
1
2
1
Pr(z1 z 2 | s 2 ) Pr(z 2 z1 | s1 )
2
Pr(z1 z 2 | s 2 ) E Pr(z1 z 2 | s 2 , z 2 )
0
p(z | s )dz p(z | s )dz
Pr(z1 z 2 | s 2 , z 2 ) p(z 2 | s 2 )dz 2
0 z2 1 2 1
2 2 2
1 Eb
PB exp
Rayleigh pdf Rician pdf
2 2N 0
z r1
“00” “01” “11” “10”
s1 s2 s3 s4
4-PAM 1 (t)
3 Eg Eg 0 Eg 3 Eg
1 (t)
T
r1
ML detector
r(t) (Compare with M-1 thresholds) m̂
0
21
Error Coherent detection of M-PAM ….
probability
Error happens if the noise, n1 r1 sm , exceeds in amplitude
one-half of the distance between adjacent symbols. For symbols
on the border, error can happen only in one direction. Hence:
Pe (s m ) Pr | n1 || r1 s m | E g for 2 m M 1;
P (s ) Pr n r s
e 1 1 1 1 Eg and
Pe (s M ) Pr n 1 r1 s M E g
1 M 2
M
1 1
PE (M )
M
P (s
m1
e m )
M
Pr |n1 | Eg
M
Pr n1 E g Pr n1 E g
M
2(M 1)
Pr n1 E g
2(M 1)
Eg n1
p (n)dn
2(M 1) 2Eg
Q
N0
M M M
(M 1)
2
Es (log2 M )Eb Eg
3
Gaussian pdf with
2(M 1) 6 log 2 M Eb zero mean and variance N0 / 2
PE (M ) Q
M M 1 N 0
2
22
Error Coherent detection
probability of M-QAM
2 (t)
“0 000”
s1 “s0001”
2
s 3“0011s” 4 “0010”
16-QAM 1(t)
s9 s10 s11 s12
“1100” “1101” “1111” “1110”
r(t) Parallel-to-serial
m̂
converter
2 (t)
T
r2 ML detector
0 (Compare with M 1 thresholds)
23
Error probability …
Coherent detection of M-QAM …
M-QAM can be viewed as the combination of two M PAM
modulations on I and Q branches, respectively.
No error occurs if no error is detected on either the I or the Q
branch.
Considering the symmetry of the signal space and the
orthogonality of the I and Q branches:
1 Q 3log2 M Eb
PE (M ) 41 Average probability of
M M 1 N 0
symbol error for M PAM
Error probability …
Coherent detection
of MPSK 2 (t)
s 3 “011”
“s010” s“001”
4 2
Es
s“000”
8-PSK “110” 1
s5 1(t)
“11s1”
1 (t) 6
s“100”
8
T r1 “101”s7
r(t)
0
r1 ˆ
arctan Compute Choose m̂
2 (t) r2 | i ˆ | smallest
T
0
r2 Decision variable
z ̂ r
Error probability …
Coherent detection of MPSK …
The detector compares the phase of observation vector to M-1
thresholds.
Due to the circular symmetry of the signal space, we have:
1 M / M
PE (M ) 1 PC (M ) 1
M
Pc (s m ) 1 Pc (s1 ) 1
m1
/ M
pˆ ( )d
where
2 Es cos( ) exp Es sin 2 ; | |
pˆ ( )
N0 N0 2
It can be shown that
1 (t)
T r1
0
r1 ML detector:
r(t) ⁝ r
r Choose
the largest element m̂
M (t) in the observed vector
rM
T
0 rM
Error probability …
Coherent detection of M-FSK …
The dimension of the signal space is M. An upper
bound for the average symbol error probability can be
obtained by using the union bound. Hence:
Es
PE (M ) M 1Q
N
0
or, equivalently
PE (M ) M 1Q
log 2 M Eb
N0
Bit error probability versus symbol error probability
Note!
• “The same average symbol
PE energy for different sizes of
signal space”
Eb / N 0 dB
Probability of symbol error for M-PSK
Note!
• “The same average symbol
energy for different sizes of
PE signal space”
Eb / N 0 dB
Probability of symbol error for M-FSK
Note!
• “The same average symbol
energy for different sizes of
PE signal space”
Eb / N 0 dB
Lecture 8
Probability of symbol error for M-PAM
Note!
• “The same average symbol
energy for different sizes of
PE signal space”
Eb / N0 dB
Probability of symbol error for M- QAM
Note!
• “The same average symbol
energy for different sizes of
PE signal space”
Eb / N0 dB
Example of samples of matched filter output
for some bandpass modulation schemes