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Circuit and Analog Electronics-CH6 (1) .PPT 3rd Lecture
Circuit and Analog Electronics-CH6 (1) .PPT 3rd Lecture
References:
References Floyd-Ch-3, 5, 6; Gao-Ch7;
Key Words:
Words
Construction of BJT
BJT in Active Mode
BJT DC Model and DC Analysis
C-E Circuits I-V Characteristics
DC Load Line and Quiescent Operation Point
BJT AC Small-Signal Model
Emitter-base
junction
Base region
(very narrow)
Emitter region
Collector
Collector region
Emitter
Base
Collector-base
junction
Two external voltage sources set the bias conditions for active
mode
EBJ is forward biased and CBJ is reverse biased
IB IBN IEP
IC = ICN + ICBO
Electrons that diffuse across the base to the CBJ junction are
swept across the CBJ depletion region to the collector.
IC = ICN + ICBO
IE = IB + IC
Let ICN
IB IBN
IEP
IC
IE
IC (1 ) = IB + ICBO
IC
IE
IB IBN
IEP
IE=IB+IC
IC (1 )= IB+ICBO
Let
Beta:
IC
IB
I C I B (1 ) I CBO
I E I C I B (1 ) I B
I C I B I CEO I B
I I
E
C
IC=ICN+ICBO
i B
iC
vBE
IB
IC
iE
V CE
VBEVon
IB
vCE
BJT DC model
iB
IE
I E I C I B (1 ) I B
IC I B
I I
E
C
i B f (v BE )
vCE C
iC f (VCE )
iB C
iB = 40 A
iC f (VCE )
iB C
Cutoff
linearity
vi Ri iB
vo RL iC
vCE
vBE
Ri
RL
iB
iC
With iB iC
vi vo
vo
Av
50 ~ 300
vi
Q-point
VCC
ICQ
VCEQ
DC load line
Base-emitter loop: I B
Collector-emitter loop:
40( A)
Rb
Rb
vCE VCC iC RC 10 iC 4k
i B
iC
vBE
iB
iE
vCE
vbe
ib
rbe
ic
ib
vce
ie
rbe 300 (1 )
26( mV )
I E (mA)
We can create an equivalent circuit to model the transistor for small signals
Note that this only applies for small signals (vbe < VT)
We can represent the small-signal model for the transistor as a voltage controlled
current source (
) or a current-controlled current source (ic = ib).
For small enough signals, approximate exponential curve with a linear line.
BJT fundamentals:
VBE 0.7V
I E IC I B 1 I B IC
IC I B
C-C
C-E
C-B
IB
IB
IB
IE
IC
IC
Z at Z in
Z at Z in Z at Z in
Vat Vin Vat Vin
Key Words:
Words
Common-Emitter Amplifier
Graphical Analysis
Small-Signal Models Analysis
Common-Collector Amplifier
Common-Base Amplifier
coupling capacitor
(only
passes
ac
signals)
vi C2 vBE iB iC iB ic RC vCE C1 vo
vi iB
iB iC
iC vO
Vi
Vi
Vi
i B I B ib
vBE=vi+VBE
vi = 0 IB IC VCE
vi 0
i B I B ib
iC I C iC
iC=ic+IC
VoM ViM
f ( o ) f (i )
vCE=vce+VCE
VCC
Can get a feel for whether the BJT will stay in active region of operation
What happens if RC is larger or smaller?
vce ic ( RC // RL ) ic RL'
VCC ' VCEQ I CQ RL '
VCC
VCC
VCC
Clipped at cutoff
(cutoff distortion)
VCC
Clipped at cutoff
(saturation distortion)
VC ( I B I C ) R I B R b VBE I E R e
VC VBE
IB
Rb (1 )( R Re )
IC IB,
IE = IC + IB = (1+)IB
VCE VC I C RC I E ( R Re )
VB
Rb 2
VCC
Rb1 Rb 2
IC I E
vs
IB
VB VBE
V B/ Re
Re
IC
VCE VCC I C ( R C R e )
VE VB VC
VE VB VC
VE VB VC
Rb (1 ) Re Rb 1 Re
I C I B
VCC VCE I E Re VCE I C Re
VCE VCC I C Re
Lets find Av
Ai
Vo I e ( Re // RL ) I b (e1 )( Re // RL )
Vi I b [rbe (1 )( Re // RL )] I b rbe I e ( Re // RL )
(1 )( Re // RL )
( Re // RL )
AV
1
Vi rbe (1 )( Re // RL ) rbe (1 )( Re // RL )
VO
Lets find Av
I o RL AiI
e ( Re // RL ) (1 ) I b ( Re // RL )
(1 )( Re // RL )
Io Ib
RL
I b (rbe (1 )( Re // RL )) ( I i I b ) Rb
rbe (1 )( Re // RL ) Rb
(1 )( Re // RL ) Rb
Ii Ib
Ib
Rb
Rb
Ai
(1 )( Re // RL )
Rb
(1 )( Re // RL )
RL
(1 )( Re // RL ) Rb
RL
Ai
(1 )( Re // RL )
>>1
RL
(1 )( Re // RL ) << Rb
v i ib rbe i e ( Re // R L ) ib rbe (1 )( Re // R L )
Ri
vi
rbe (1 )( R e // R L )
ib
Ri Ri // Rb [rbe (1 )( Re // RL )] // Rb Rb // ( Re // RL )
I Re I I e
I I Re I e
I I Re I e I Re 1 I b
I I Re I b I b
v
v
(1 )
Re
rbe Rs // Rb
Ie
I Re
v
1
Ro
1
i 1
Re (rbe Rs // Rb ) (1 )
(rbe Rs // Rb )
Re //
1
Ri [rbe (1 )( Re // RL )] // Rb
(rbe Rs // Rb )
Ro Re //
1
( Re // RL )
AV
1
r
(
1
)(
R
//
R
)
be
e
L
Vi
VO
Ai
(1 )( Re // RL )
>>1
RL
Ri [rbe (1 )( Re // RL )] // Rb
(rbe Rs // Rb )
Ro Re //
1
VB VBE I E R e
VB
VCC
R b2
R b1 R b 2
IC I E
IB
IC
VB V BE V B
Re
Re
Ro
Ri
Av
ic ( Rc // RL ) ( Rc // RL )
ib rbe
rbe
rbe
// Re
Ri=
(1 )
RoRC
C
C
I
(
R
R
)
( RC RL ) I E
C
L
A o
1
i
rbe
(
1
)
IC
I
i
r
be
(1 )
// Re
1 sinceI E I C
For RL<<RC, Ai
(1 )
RC ( R R )
I
RC
C
L
A i o
(1 )
RC RL
I i
For RL<<RC, Ai
(1 )
( Rc // RL )
rbe
rbe
rbe
//
R
Ri=
e
(1 )
(1 )
Av
RoRC
CB amp characteristics:
current gain has little dependence on
is non-inverting
most commonly used as a unity-gain current amplifier or current buffer and not
as a voltage amplifier: accepts an input signal current with low input resistance
and delivers a nearly equal current with high output impedance
most significant advantage is its excellent frequency response
Key Words:
Words
Basic Concepts
High-Frequency BJT Model
Frequency Response of the CE Amplifier
1.0V
0.5V
0V
-0.5V
-1.0V
0.5ms
V(1)
V(2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
Time
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
VO (t )
1.0V
0.5V
0V
-0.5V
-1.0V
0.5ms
V(1)
V(2)
1.0ms
1.5ms
2.0ms
2.5ms
Time
3.0ms
3.5ms
4.0ms
4KHz
6KHz
8KHz
10KHz
Frequency
12KHz
14KHz
16KHz
18KHz
1.0V
0.5V
0V
10Hz
V(2)
100Hz
1.0KHz
10KHz
100KHz
1.0MHz
20KHz
A v Av ( f ) ( f )
or
A Av ( ) ( )
rbe
rbe
C'
C'
rbe
C'
vs
C'
vs
1 C1 ( Rs Rb1 // Rb 2 // rbe )
f L1
2 is the time constant for C2.
2 1
2 1
---is neglected
1 C1 ( Rs Rb1 // Rb 2 // rbe )
2 1
---is neglected
vs
( Rb // Rs rbe )
// Re Ce
1
e
f L 1.1 f
2
L1
f L 2 f Le
2
f Le
2 e
rbe
C'
C'
C ( Rb // Rs // rbe )C
1
fH
2 C
rbe
C'
A v Avm
vs
f
,
fL
C'
(1 j
f
fL
f
f
)(1 j
)
fL
fH
f
For f L f f H ,
0 Av Avm mid - frequency
fH
f
j
f
fL
For f f L ( f f H ),
0, Av Avm
low - frequency
f
fH
1 j
fL
fL
1
For f f H ( f f L ) 0, Av Avm
High frequency
f
f
1 j
fH
rbe
vs
A v Avm
fL
(1 j
L
1
2 2 L
f
fL
f
f
)(1 j
)
fL
fH
fH
H
1
2 2 H
C'
C'
decade
decade
Key Words:
Words
Power Calculation
Class-A, B, AB Amplifiers
Complementary Symmetry(Push-Pull) Amplifier
Biasing the Push-Pull Amplifier (OCL)
Single-Supply Push-Pull Amplifier (OTL)
Sensor
Energy
conversion
Voltage
Amplifiers
Power
Amplifiers
Signal
Amplifiers
Load
Energy
conversion
Po
Vom I om
2
1
Vom I om
2 2
1
PS
T
1
VCC iC (t )dt VCC
T
iC (t )dt VCC I C
The DC power by
the supply
PC VCEQ I CQ (VCC I CQ RC ) I CQ
2
PS I CQ
RC
The DC power delivered to BJT by the supply
0
T
1 T
( I CQ I m cos t )(VCEQ Vm cos t )
T 0
1
I CQVCEQ I mVm PC PCL
2
PT
Class-B Amplifiers
2
2
V
1 VCCVon
on sin t
PT 1
sin td t
d t
0
0
2
RL
RL
Von 2 2
1 VCCVon
sin td t
sin td t
0
0
2 RL
RL
Von 2 1
1 VCCVon
sin tdt
1 cos 2tdt
0
0
2 RL
RL 2
1 VCCVon
cos t
2 RL
2
Von 2
Von
1 VCCVon
2
2 RL
2
RL
2 RL
1 VCCVon Von 2
RL
4
I om
2
2
1 Vom
2 2 RL
Vom
POM
1
vCE iC d t
2
2
1 VCC
2 RL
vCE VCC vo
vO
v
0 CC O d t
RL
1 VCCVOm VOm
RL
PT 1 0 for VOm 0
VOm VCC
2
4 VCC
PT PT 1 PT 2
2
RL
2
VCC
4
PT 1
RL
4
2
1 Vom
2 2 RL
Vom
2
1 VCC
POM
2
2 RL
2
V
4
VOm VCC
PT 1 CC
RL
4
2
4 VCC
PT PT 1 PT 2
2
RL
PO
2
2VCC
PE PT PO
R L
2
1 VCC
P
O 2 RL
2
2 VCC
PE
4
Note that for class A: 25 ~ 50
RL
class B: 78.5
class AB: =25 ~ 78.5
=78.5%
Crossover
distortion
}V
CC
}V
CC