ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

 Organic chemistry is the study of ................containing

compounds derived from living organisms.
 Oil is formed over millions of years from the break down of
dead ................and ......................

80+ million
compounds- natural
& synthetic.

 Crude Oil (petroleum) is a mixture of many thousands of these

different compounds and is the main source of many of these
chemicals.
 They are called .................. because they predominantly
contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing
compounds derived from living organisms.
 Oil is formed over millions of years from the break down of
dead creatures and plants.

80+ million
compounds- natural
& synthetic.

 Crude Oil (petroleum) is a mixture of many thousands of these

different compounds and is the main source of many of these
chemicals.
 They are called hydrocarbons because they predominantly
contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.
Distillation of Crude Oil
................... temp

Lower boiling point

substances ...............
and move up.

As the temp drops

substances ..............
and run off.

..................temp
Distillation of Crude Oil
Lower temp

Lower boiling point

substances vaporise
and move up.

As the temp drops

substances condense
and run off.

High temp
 Homologous series
This is a series of compounds which all contain the
same ........................ group, and have similar chemical
properties. 
ALKANES ALKENES ALCOHOLS
CH4 CH =CH CH3OH
2 2

CH -CH CH =CH –CH CH3CH2OH

3 3 2 3

Each has a ...........................formula:

......................: C H
n 2n+2

The members of the series differ by the number of ......

units.
CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Graduation in physical properties:  eg: boiling points.
CH4 (......), C8H18 (..........), C30H (..............)
62
 Homologous series
This is a series of compounds which all contain the same
functional group, and have similar chemical properties. 
ALKANES ALKENES ALKYNS
CH4 CH =CH CH ≡CH
2 2

CH -CH CH =CH –CH CH3C≡CH

3 3 2 3

Each has a general formula:

ALKANES: CnH2n+2
The members of the series differ by the number of CH2
units.
CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
Graduation in physical properties:  eg: boiling points.
CH4 (GAS), C8H18 (LIQUID), C30H62 (SOLID)
 ALKANES
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS – contain maximum amount of
……………………………. - only ……………………….. bonds (no ………………………..
bonds)
NAMING ALKANES
No of C atoms Prefix Formula Alkane
1 Meth CH4 Methane
2 Eth CH3CH3 Ethane
3 Prop CH3CH2CH3 Propane
4 But CH3CH2CH2CH3 Butane
5 Pent CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Pentane
6 Hex C6H14 Hexane
7 Hept C7H16 Heptane
8 Oct C8H18 octane
 ALKANES
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS – contain maximum
amount of hydrogen - only single bonds (no multiple
bonds)
NAMING ALKANES
No of C Prefix All alkanes end
atoms
with ‘ANE’.
1 Meth
2 Eth
3 Prop All belong to the same
4 But HOMOLOGOUS series
5 Pent
6 Hex GENERAL FORMULA
7 Hept CnH(2n+2)
8 Oct
 Alkenes ~ene CH2 = CH2

Functional
Alcohols ~ol
groups
The Haloalkanes Halo~ CH3-I
functional
groups are Ketones ~one

………………. or
Aldehydes ~al
…………………..
of atoms
which Carboxylic Acids ~oic acid
determine
the Acylchlorides ~oyl Chloride
…………………….
of organic Amides ~amide CH3CONH2
molecules. 
(alcohol)~yl
Esters
(acid)~oate

Amines Amino -
 Alkenes ~ene CH2 = CH2

Functional
Alcohols ~ol
groups
The Haloalkanes Halo~ CH3-I
functional
groups are Ketones ~one

atoms or
Aldehydes ~al
combinations
of atoms
which Carboxylic Acids ~oic acid
determine the
properties of Acylchlorides ~oyl Chloride
organic
molecules.  Amides ~amide CH3CONH2

(alcohol)~yl
Esters
(acid)~oate

Amines Amino -
 STRUCTURES OF ALKANES
METHANE ……….

Bond Angle ……………. Shape ………………………

Can be illustrated as:

 STRUCTURES OF ALKANES
METHANE CH4

Methane is a
colourless
Bond Angle 109.5o Shape Tetrahedral and
ouderless
H flammeable
H C H gas. Mr 12+4
Can be illustrated as:
= 16g.mol-1
H
 ETHANE.
Molecular formula …………...

Structural formula:……………………….. OR

………………… …………….
 ETHANE.
Molecular formula C2H6

Structural formula: CH3 CH3 or H H

H C C H
H H

Atoms are able to spin around a single

bond there is free rotation.
 PROPANE.
....................formula: C3H8
.....................formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H
H C areC
Both ethane and propane C H
“……………………” chain molecules
H H H
BUT!! Bonds are ……… 90o molecules are NOT…………….!!!

Schematic formula
 PROPANE.
Molecular formula: C3H8
Structural formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H
H C areC
Both ethane and propane C H
“straight” chain molecules
H H H
BUT!! Bonds are NOT 90o molecules are NOT STRAIGHT!!!
Straight = no branches!

Schematic formula
Ethane and propane are also colourless and
odourless flammable gasses. They have
slightly higher boiling points due to their
greater molecular weights.
 ISOMERS
C4H10 - can have two different structures

Straight chain. CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 BUTANE

Branched chain CH3 CH CH3

METHYL PROPANE
CH3
branch
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different
structural formula are said to be ISOMERS of each other.

TASK: illustrate the structures of the three different isomers of

C5H12.
Use models OR CHEMSKETCH to help you.
 Names & Structures
Examples CH3
1 2 3 4
2- methylbutane CH3 CH CH2 CH3
The 2 can be left off as there are no other possibilities. 2 and
CH3 3-methylbutane are the same molecule!

CH3 C CH3 2,2 – dimethyl propane

CH3
TASK: illustrate the structures of:
2-methylpentane. CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3
2,3 – dimethylbutane. CH3CH(CH3)CH(CH3)CH3
2,2,3 -trimethylpentane CH3C(CH3)2CH(CH3)CH2CH3
 THE RULES FOR NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
1. Choose the longest unbroken chain of Carbon atoms and assign a name
for the carbon chain using the prefixes; meth-1, eth-2 etc.
2. Identify any carbon chain branches (alkyl groups). These are assigned
names using the same prefixes as above along with the suffix “-yl” –
methyl, ethyl etc.
3. Identify the functional groups present in the molecule. Assign a prefix
or suffix according to their homologous series. These will be written in
front of the name of the carbon chain.
5. Number the Carbon atoms in the longest chain so that the
branches/functional groups have the lowest number possible. Allocate a
number for every group/branch no matter how many times it occurs.
Where groups are on the same carbon write their names in alphabetical
order.
6. Prefixes are used for groups that occur more than once.
Di – 2 Tri – 3 Tetra – 4 Penta – 5 etc.
7. Groups are written in alphabetical order.
8. The final name is written as one word with commas between numbers,
hyphens separating numbers from words.
Give the names of the following alkanes

(a) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3

CH3

(b) CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3

CH3 CH3
(c) CH3 C(CH3)2 CH2 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3

(d) CH3CH2CH(CH3)C(CH3)3
Give the names of the following alkanes

(a) CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 3-methylpentane

CH3

(b) CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 2,4-dimethylpentane

CH3 CH3
(c) CH3 C(CH3)2 CH2 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3 2,2,4-trimethyl
hexane

(d) CH3CH2CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 2,2,3-trimethylpentane


 Structure of Alkenes

The shape around the double bond is …...................

The bond angle around the double bond is .................


……………….. C bond

C ………..

Represented as C C
 Structure of Alkenes

The shape around the double bond is planer.

The bond angle around the double bond is 120o


PLANER C bond

C 120o

Represented as C C
 Examples of Alkenes
H H
………………, C2H4 C C OR …………………….
H H

PROPENE CH2 CH CH3

TASK: Use ball & stick models or sketches to construct and name 3
different structures for C4H8 each one with one double bond.
 Examples of Alkenes
H H
ETHENE, C2H4 C C OR CH2 CH2
H H
H H
C C PROPENE CH2 CH CH3
H CH3
TASK: Use ball & stick models or sketches to construct and name 3
different structures for C4H8 each one with one double bond.

CH3CH2CH CH2 BUT-1-ENE CH3C CH2 METHYL

CH3CH CHCH3 CH3 PROPENE
BUT-2-ENE
 Alkynes

Very reactive
Triple bond unstable!
H-C≡C-H Ethyne
Attracts electrophiles.
H-C≡C-CH3 propyne x
 C x
x
H-C≡C-CH2-CH3 But–1-yne
Alkynes are very ustable
CH3-C≡C-CH3 But–2-yne
and reactive. Acetylene
burns with very high
temp?
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