Group No #5

o ls Tayyab Ali 16618

e n
Ph M.Usama 16624
M.Farooq 16628
M.Tjammal 16635
M.Azeem 16638
Umar 16647

Assignment Submitted To:

Dr.Muhammad Ibrahim.
Introduction:

Phenol is hydroxy benzene

IUPAC name is benzol , also
known as carbolic Acid.
Aromatic compound, with molecular
formula C6H5OH
Structural Formula of Phenol:
Nomenclature:

3-nitrobenzol 4-chlorobenzol
trinitrophenol
Physical properties:

Pure crystalline solid.

Phenols with lower molecular weights are
liquids or low melting solids.
Smell as disinfectant.
Causes blistning of skin.
Lower molecular weight phenols are water
soluble(H-bonding).
It has strong intermolecular H-bonding rather
than Alcohols.
Melting point:-95c
Boiling pint:111c
Acidic nature of phenol:

Phenol molecule is highly acidic.

Due to partial positive charge on oxygen Atom.
Because of resonance structure and anion that is formed
by loss of hydrogen ion .(Resonance stabilize).
Resonance structures:
Chemical Reactions:

Phenols give two types of reaction

i. Reactions due to the hydroxyl group(salt,ether,esters).
ii. Reactions due to aromatic rings.
. Highly reactive towards electrophilic aromatic
substitution
.Due to the pi electrons of oxygen atoms.
(Halogenation,Acylation,Sulphonation etc)
Reaction with NaOH:
C6H5OH+NaOHC6H5ONa+H2O
Reaction with benzoyl chloride:
C6H5OH+C6H5COClC6H5OCOC
6H5+HCl
Reaction with Zinc dust:
C6H5OH + Zn C6H6 + ZnO
Reaction with Diazomethane:
C6H5OH + CH2N2 C6H5OCH3 + N
2
Preparation:

Hydrolysis of chlorobenzene, using base (Dow's P

rocess) or steam (Raschig Hooker process)
C6H5Cl + H2O C6H5OH + HCl
Direct oxidation of benzene with nitrous oxide, a
potentially "green" process:
C6H6 + N2O C6H5OH + N2
Oxidation of toluene, as developed by Dow Chemical
C6H5CH3 + 2 O2 C6H5OH + CO2 + H2O
In the Lummus Process, the oxidation of toluene to be
nzoic acid is conducted separately.
Phenol is also a recoverable byproduct of coal pyrol-
ysis.
Uses:

In the synthesis of plastic.

Extraction of biomolecules.
Cosmatic industry.
Refrences:

Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry : IUPAC Recommendations

and Preferred Names 2013 (Blue Book).
"NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0493".
http://omlc.ogi.edu/spectra/PhotochemCAD/html/phenol.html.
Organic Chemistry 2nd Ed. John McMurry ISBN 0534079687.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "How can phenol
affect my health?" (PDF).