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    Chemical bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged atoms or the sharing of electrons between atoms in a covalent bond. The strength of bonds varies and can be classified as either strong primary bonds like ionic and covalent, or weaker secondary bonds like hydrogen bonding. Electrons are shared or transferred between atomic nuclei to form chemical bonds according to quantum mechanical theories, though simplification models can also predict bond properties.

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    Chemical bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged atoms or the sharing of electrons between atoms in a covalent bond. The strength of bonds varies and can be classified as either strong primary bonds like ionic and covalent, or weaker secondary bonds like hydrogen bonding. Electrons are shared or transferred between atomic nuclei to form chemical bonds according to quantum mechanical theories, though simplification models can also predict bond properties.

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    Chemical Bonding

    Uploaded by

    survey call
    Chemical bonding results from the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged atoms or the sharing of electrons between atoms in a covalent bond. The strength of bonds varies and can be classified as either strong primary bonds like ionic and covalent, or weaker secondary bonds like hydrogen bonding. Electrons are shared or transferred between atomic nuclei to form chemical bonds according to quantum mechanical theories, though simplification models can also predict bond properties.

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    Chemical

    bonding
    Achemical bondisalastingattractionbetweenatomsthatenablestheformationofchemicalcompounds.Thebondmayresultfromtheelectrostaticforce
    ofattractionbetweenatomswithoppositecharges,orthroughthesharingofelectronsasinthecovalentbonds.Thestrengthofchemicalbondsvaries
    considerably;thereare"strongbonds"or"primarybond"suchasmetallic,covalentorionicbondsand"weakbonds"or"secondarybond"suchas
    Dipole-dipoleinteraction,theLondondispersionforceandhydrogenbonding.
    Sinceoppositechargesattractviaasimpleelectromagneticforce,thenegativelychargedelectronsthatareorbitingthenucleusandthepositivelycharged
    protonsinthenucleusattracteachother.Anelectronpositionedbetweentwonucleiwillbeattractedtobothofthem,andthenucleiwillbeattractedtoward
    electronsinthisposition.Thisattractionconstitutesthechemicalbond.Duetothematterwavenatureofelectronsandtheirsmallermass,theymustoccupy
    amuchlargeramountofvolumecomparedwiththenuclei,andthisvolumeoccupiedbytheelectronskeepstheatomicnucleirelativelyfarapart,as
    comparedwiththesizeofthenucleithemselves.Thisphenomenonlimitsthedistancebetweennucleiandatomsinabond.
    Ingeneral,strongchemicalbondingisassociatedwiththesharingortransferofelectronsbetweentheparticipatingatoms.Theatomsinmolecules,crystals,
    metalsanddiatomicgasesindeedmostofthephysicalenvironmentaroundusareheldtogetherbychemicalbonds,whichdictatethestructureandthe
    bulkpropertiesofmatter.

    ExamplesofLewisdot-stylerepresentationsofchemicalbondsbetweencarbon(C),hydrogen(H),andoxygen(O).Lewisdotdiagramswereanearlyattempttodescribe
    chemicalbondingandarestillwidelyusedtoday.
    Allbondscanbeexplainedbyquantumtheory,but,inpractice,simplificationrulesallowchemiststopredictthestrength,directionality,andpolarityofbonds.
    TheoctetruleandVSEPRtheoryaretwoexamples.Moresophisticatedtheoriesarevalencebondtheorywhichincludesorbitalhybridizationandresonance,
    andmolecularorbitaltheorywhichincludeslinearcombinationofatomicorbitalsandligandfieldtheory.Electrostaticsareusedtodescribebondpolarities
    andtheeffectstheyhaveonchemicalsubstances.

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