Viloria, Adrian D.

Cayetano, Kristel Joy C.

Maradang, Imran
Lao, Lyanne Crizelle L.
Rivero, Shaila
Turing, Ron Matthew C.

STREAMFLOW
STEP OVER A _ _ O _
JUMP OVER A _ _ E _
SWIM A CROSS A _ _ _ _
PLAY PAPERBOAT ON A _ _ N _ _
_R_ _ _ _ _
Stream
is abody of waterwith acurrent, confined within abedandbanks.
Depending on its location or certain characteristics.
is a body of water that carries rock particles and dissolved ions and
flows down slope along a clearly defined path, called achannel.
Maybe referred to as a:
Brook - a stream smaller than a creek, especially one that is fed by aspring or
seep. It is usually small and easilyforded. A brook is characterized by its
shallowness and itsbedbeing composed primarily of rocks.
Creek - a small to medium-sized natural stream, an inlet in a shoreline, a
channel in a marsh, or another narrow, sheltered waterway.
River - a large natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea, a lake,
or another such stream.
Runnel - a narrow channel in the ground for liquid to flow through.
Tributary - a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake. It doesn't
directly flow into a ocean or sea.
Streamflow

is the volume of water that moves through a specific point in

astreamduring a given period of time.
Channel Runof
Major element in the water cycle.
Discharge is a volume rate of water flow, including suspended
matter, which is suspended through a given cross-sectional area.
Sources of stream flow

Channel precipitation
Interflow
Ground water
Overland Flow
TYPES OF
STREAMFLOW
Types of streamflow

Laminar Flow
Turbulent Flow
Helicoidal Flow
Types of streamflow

LAMINAR FLOW
- all flow is in one direction (fluid
flows in parallel layers), with little
or no mixing
Types of streamflow
Laminar Flow can be sub grouped into:
Stable Laminar Flow :These type of laminar flow prove stable towards
imposed disturbances acting from outside.
Unstable Laminar flow :A laminar flow is considered unstable when
disturbances introduced into it are amplified, but a certain regularity "in the
excited disturbance is maintained.
Types of streamflow

TURBULENT
FLOW
- flow in which particles may
move in any direction at any time,
while overall movement is in the
direction of the flow
Types of streamflow
Turbulent Flow
scour the channel bed, and can keep sediment in suspension longer than
laminar flow and thus aids in erosion of the stream bottom
Fluids motion is highly random and unpredictable.
characterized by high three-dimensionality
Types of streamflow
Laminar Flow versus Turbulent flow

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

low velocity high velocity
stable or smooth chaotic or rough
no disruption obstructions and shear

"Transitional flow" can refer to transition in either direction, that is

laminar-turbulent transitional or turbulent-laminar transitional flow.
Reynolds Number - is theratioof inertial forces toviscousforces within a
fluid which is subject to relative internal movement due to diferent fluid
velocities (Osborne Reynolds)
Re< 2300 for Laminar Flow
Re> 4000 for turbulent Flow
Types of streamflow
Types of streamflow

HELICOIDAL
FLOW
- horizontal turbulence in the form
of a corkscrew motion
Types of streamflow
Helicoidal Flow
is a contributing factor to the formation ofslip-of slopesandriver clifsin a
meandering section of the river.
sediment eroded from the outside of a meander bend tends to be moved to
the inner bank
Types of streamflow
Helicoidal Flow
1. Higher velocity portions of a stream tend to be driven to the outside of a
meander
2. the flow is forced down the outer bank which results in a steeper velocity
gradient and greater bed shear stresses, and it returns to the surface toward
the inside of the meander where flow is less turbulent
3. the flow is helical in form
4. When stream flow reaches the outer bank of a meander, the increased
acceleration erodes it away causing toe scour and undercut banks
5. Sediment is deposited at the slower moving inside bend
EROSION BY
STREAM
Erosion by Streams
Streams erode because they have the ability to pick up rock fragments
and transport them to a new location.
The size of the fragments that can be transported depends on the
velocity of the stream.
Although slow, as rocks move along the stream bottom and collide with
one another, abrasion of the rocks occurs, making smaller fragments
that can then be transported by the stream.
DEPOSITION
Sediment Transport and Deposition
Suspended Load- particles that are carried along with the water in the
main part of the streams.
Bed Load- coarser and denser particles that remain on the bed of the
stream most of the time but move by a process of saltation (jumping) as
a result of collisions between particles, and turbulent eddies.
Dissolved Load- ions that have been introduced into the water by
chemical weathering of rocks.
These ions are eventually carried to the oceans and give the oceans their
salty character. (HCO3-2or Bicarbonate ions, Ca+2 or Calcium ion, SO4-2 or
Sulfate ion, Cl- or Chloride ion, Na+2 or Sodium ion, Mg+2 or Magnesium ion and
K+ or Potassium ion)
Stream competence - maximum size of particles that can be carried
as suspended load by the stream
Stream capacity - the maximum load carried by the stream
CHANGES
DOWNSTREAM
Changes downstream

Discharge increases
As discharge increases, the width, depth, and average velocity of the
stream increase.
gradient of the stream, however, will decrease.
the size of particles that make up the bed load of the stream tends to
decrease
Long Profile and Base Level

Long Profile - a plot of elevation versus distance

Base Level - is defined as the limiting level below which a stream
cannot erode its channel.
For streams that empty into the oceans, base level is sea level.
CHANNEL
Channel

In physical geography, achannelis a type oflandform consisting of the

outline of a path of relatively shallow and narrow body of fluid, most
commonly the confine of a river, riverdeltaorstrait.
Channels can be either natural or human-made. A channel is typically
outlined in terms of itsbedandbanks.
Channel initiation refers to the site on a mountain slope where water
begins to flow between identifiable banks. Overland flowis a primary
factor in channel initiation where saturation overland flow deepens to
increase shear stress and begin channel incision.
CHANNEL FORMS

Natural Channel
Water flow Channel
Nautical Channel
Extraterrestrial Channel
 Natural Channel

are formed byfluvialprocess and are found across theEarth. (When

associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term glaciofluvial or
fluvioglacial is used).

These are mostly formed by flowingwater from

thehydrological cycle, though can also be
formed by other fluids such as flowinglava.

Water flow Channels

The channel form is described in terms of geometry (plan, cross-

sections,
profile) enclosed by the materials of its bed and banks. This form is
under
influence of two major forces: water discharge and sediment supply.
 Nautical channels

It is especially used as anautical termto mean the dredged and marked

lane of safe travel which a cognizant governmental entityguaranteesto
have a minimum depth across its specified minimum width to
allvesselstransiting a body of water.
 Extraterrestrial Channels
are found elsewhere in theSolar Systemthan theEarth.
Examples are theoutflow channelsonMars
and the channels ofVenusmany of which
are tens of kilometers wide.

A radar mosaic fromMagellanshowing a 600km

long segment of Baltis Vallis.
CHANNEL TYPES
Channel Types/Channel Patterns
Straight Channel

Straight stream channels are rare. Where they do occur, the channel is
usually controlled by a linear zone of weakness in the underlying rock,
like a fault or joint system. Even in straight channel segments water
flows in a sinuous fashion, with the deepest part of the channel
changing from near one bank to near the other. Velocity is highest in the
zone overlying the deepest part of the stream. In these areas, sediment
is transported readily resulting in pools. Where the velocity of the
stream is low, sediment is deposited to form bars.
 Stream Pool - is a stretch of ariverorsteamin which the water depth is
above average and the water velocity is quite below average.
 Stream Bar - is an elevated region ofsediment(such assandorgravel)
that has beendepositedby the flow.
Bars are typically found in the slowest moving, shallowest parts of rivers
andstreams,and are often parallel to the shore and occupy the area farthest
from thethalweg.
 Thalweg - is the line of lowestelevationwithin avalleyorwatercourse.
Straight Channel

The bank closest to the zone of highest velocity is usually eroded and
results in acutbank.
Cutbank - also known as a river clif or a river-cut clif, is a bank that is nearly
vertical. Cut banks are found on the outside of a bend in a river. Cut banks are
caused by the moving water of the river wearing away the earth.
Meandering Channel

Because of the velocity structure of a stream, and especially in streams

flowing over low gradients with easily eroded banks, straight channels
will eventually erode into meandering channels. Erosion will take place
on the outer parts of the meander bends where the velocity of the
stream is highest. Sediment deposition will occur along the inner
meander bends where the velocity is low. Such deposition of sediment
results in exposed bars, called point bars. Because meandering streams
are continually eroding on the outer meander bends and depositing
sediment along the inner meander bends, meandering stream channels
tend to migrate back and forth across their flood plain.
 Point Bar - As the river curves around the bend in the river, the water
slows down and sediment is dropped to the river bed. Over time, this
sediment builds up and makes a point bar. A point bar that has been
made recently has the same shape as a point bar that was made
millions of years ago.
Apoint baron the other hand, is located on the inside of a bend in a
river.
Meandering Channel

If erosion on the outside meander bends continues to take place,

eventually a meander bend can become cut of from the rest of the
stream. When this occurs, the cutof meander bend, because it is still a
depression, will collect water and form a type of lake called an oxbow
lake.
Braided Channel

is created when a stream channel is divided into several smaller ones by

the accumulation of in-channel deposits.
having highly variable discharge and easily eroded banks, sediment
gets deposited to form bars and islands that are exposed during periods
of low discharge.
are common in glaciated areas where melt water streams choked with
sediment is discharged at the snout of the glacier.
Factors afecting stream flow

Sediment grain size

Stream Velocity
Channel size
Stream discharge
Sediment load
MEASURING
STREAMFLOW
Measuring Streamflow

Volumetric Method
Gravimetric Method
Slope - Area Method
Velocity - Area Method
Control Section Method
Dilution Method
Moving Boat Method
Ultrasonic Method
Other instruments
 Volumetric Method

Flow is diverted into a

container and the time elapsed
to fill the container is recorded.
Gravimetric Method /Bucket and Stop
Watch Method
Measures the mass of the fluid
diverted into a container and the
time elapsed to fill the container
is recorded.
Slope-Area Method

discharge is computed on the basis of a uniform flow equation involving
channel characteristics, water surface profile and a roughness
coefficient.
Mannings equation is used in this method.
One the most commonly used equations governingopen channel flow (flow is
driven by gravity)is known as the Mannings Equation. It was introduced by
the Irish Engineer Robert Manning in 1889.
Q = AV ; V = K = 1 for SI Unit, 1.49 for English Unit
R = Hydraulic Radius
S = Channel Slope
n = Mannings Roughness Coefficient
Velocity Area-Method

Estimates flow by determining the velocity at which water flows through

a cross sectional area.
Determine the value of the velocity by:
Float Method
Flow Meter
Velocity Area-Method
Float Method
Control Section Method

Weirs
are overflow structures which are built across an open channel for the
purpose of measuring or controlling the flow of liquids.
are commonly used to prevent flooding, measure discharge.
Classification according to shape of the crest

Sharp-crested weir
A sharp-crested weir consists of a vertical flat plate with a sharp edge at the
top (the crest), placed in an open channel so that the liquid must flow over
the crest in order to drop into the pool below the weir.
usually used for smaller rivers and canals
Broad-crested weir:
These are constructed only in rectangular shape and are suitable for the larger
flows.
Types of weirs base on Shape of Opening

Rectangular Weir
It is a standard shape of weir.
It is generally suitable for larger flowing channels.
Q=
Q=
m = 1.84 (S.I. Units)
m = 3.33 (English Units)
for one sided contraction
for two sided contraction
 Triangular Weir or V Notch Weir
The shape of the weir is actually reverse triangle like V. so, it is also called V-notch
weir
Q=
Q=

when = 90 , m = 1.4
 Trapezoidal Weir / Cipolletti Weir (1:4)
trapezoidal weir is also called as Cippoletti weir. This is trapezoidal in shape and is
the modification of rectangular weir with slightly higher capacity for same crest
strength.
The sides are inclined outwards with a slope 1:4 (horizontal : vertical)
Q = 1.875
Control Section Method
Orifice
well-defined opening in a wall through which flow occurs.
used to measure the rate of flow out of a reservoir or through a pipe of a
small opening with a closed perimeter.
Vena contractais the point in a fluid stream where the diameter of the
stream is the least, and fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of
a stream issuing out of anozzle.
Q=
Dilution Method

A tracer liquid is injected into the channel and the

water is sampled at a point further downstream
where the tracer has become uniformly mixed with
the stream water. The change in concentration
between the solution injected and the water at the
sampling station is converted into a measure of the
discharge.
Dilution Method

The tracers used are of 3 main types:

a. Chemicals (common salt and sodium dichromate are typical)
b. Fluorescent dyes (Rhodamine-WT and Sulpho-Rhodamine B Extra
are typical)
c. Radioactive materials (such as Bromine-82, Sodium-24 and Iodine- 132).
The tracer used should have ideally the following properties
1.It should not be absorbed by the sediment, channel boundary and vegetation.
It should not chemically react with any of the above surfaces and also should not be
lost by evaporation.
2.It should be non-toxic
3.It should be capable of being detected in a distinctive manner in small
concentrations.
4.It should not be very expensive.
 Moving Boat Method

The moving-boat method is made by traversing the stream along a

preselected path that is normal to the stream flow. The traverse is made
without stopping, and data are collected at intervals along the path.
by using Current Meter
This current meter is suspended in the water using a cable with sounding
weight or wading rod and will accurately measure stream flow velocities from
0.1 to 25 feet per second (0.025 to 7.6 meters per second).
Ultrasonic Method

In this method, ultrasonic signals are used to measure flow velocity.

Two transducers are installed at the same elevation from the bed on
both sides of the stream. The path connecting the transducers makes an
.angle with the direction of flow. The transducers receive as well as
transmit ultrasonic signals. The time taken by a signal from one
transducer to the other is recorded. The average velocity of flow along
the path is then obtained by knowing the path length and its angle with
the flow direction.
Ultrasonic Method
Other instruments

by using Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler

uses the Doppler Efect to determine water velocity by sending a pulse into
the water and measuring the change in frequency of that sound pulse
reflected back to the ADCP by sediment or other particulates being
transported in the water.
Doppler Shift, change in frequency, is measured by ADCP then is translated
into water velocity.
Other instruments

by using Hydrographs
is a graph showing the rate of flow (discharge) versus time past a specific
point in a river, or other channel or conduit carrying flow.
DISASTER
Possible Disaster

Flooding
Occurs when the volume of water exceeds the capacity of the channel
IMPORTANCE
Importance of a stream

streams transport sediment, wood, organic matter, nutrients, and

chemical contaminant.
provide food resources to downstream communities
influence fundamental biogeochemical processes.
Runof downstream is a means to collect water storage in dams for
power generation of water abstraction.
Connection of Streamflow to
Engineering
Drainage Systems
Steamflow begins when water is added to the surface from rainfall, melting
snow, and groundwater. Drainage systems develop in such a way as to
efficiently move water of the land.
Each stream in a drainage system drains a certain area, called a drainage
basin (also called a catchment or a watershed).
Development of irrigation
Connection of Streamflow to
Engineering
Development of Dams and other sources of Hydroelectric power
Hydroelectric energyis made by moving water.
To harness energy from flowing water, the water must be controlled.
The energy of water flowing through the dam's tunnels causes turbines to
turn. The turbines make generators move.Generators are machines that
produce electricity.
THE END