Complimentary and

Alternative Medicine
 Complementary and
Alternative Medicine

Is a group of diverse medical and health

care systems, practices, and products
that are not presently considered to be
a part of conventional medicine

Ex. acupuncture, chiropractic, massage,

and homeopathy
 Complementary and
Alternative Medicine
People use CAM therapies in a variety of
ways.
CAM therapies used alone are often
referred to as alternative.
When used in addition to conventional
medicine, they are often referred to as
complementary.
 Complementary therapy
Used to supplement/ augment conventional
therapy
(guided imagery, music, relaxation
techniques)
 Alternative therapy
Generally used instead of conventional
treatment
Acupuncture instead of analgesic
 Integrative medicine
- Combines mainstream medical therapies and
CAM therapies for which there is some high-
quality evidence of safety and effectiveness.
Ex.
Nurses use combination of therapies when
they use massage, touch, distraction and
relaxation techniques in addition to use of
analgesics for pain.
 Why do people choose
Alternative Therapies?
2 main reasons:
High personal involvement in decision
making.
Hope for gaining therapeutic benefits
( Lazar and O Connor)
Factors affecting the use of
Alternative Medicine
Desire for control over decision-making
Hope to gain therapeutic benefit.
Desire to avoid toxicities, invasiveness or
other qualities of conventional treatments.
Need to control undesirable side effects
of conventional therapies.
Preference of natural over synthetic
medications.
Factors affecting the use of
Alternative Medicine (cont)
Dissatisfaction with attitudes and
practitioners conventional medicine
Failure to determine diagnosis
Failure of conventional therapy
Chronic illness with poor prognosis
Acute or chronic conditions for which
conventional treatments are lacking or
disappointing
Reduced insurance coverage
Factors affecting the use of
Alternative Medicine (cont)
Healing system that is part of a clients
cultural or identity group heritage.
Restraints on access to health care
Increased costs of prescriptions and
services.
Increased interest in preventive strategies
and holistic approaches to health such as
eating a more nutritionally sound diet,
maintaining fitness and reducing stress.
 Issues Related to Herbal
Remedies and Dietary
Supplements
Current laws do not give a strict definition of
the term supplement
Manufacturers of supplements may only
make general claims about their products
Herb manufacturers are not required to
demonstrate the safety, efficacy, or quality of
their products
Supplement manufacturers are not held to
strict standards
 Risks Posed by
Complementary and
Alternative Medicine
(CAM)
Most herbal remedies and supplements
are untested and therefore might have
unknown adverse effects on the body
CAM could interfere with prescribed
medication, anesthesia or surgery
 Role Of The Nurse
Obtains a health history from the client
Initiates the discussion about the use of
CAM modalities.
Educates clients about possible adverse
reactions, provide information from the
NCCAM, and to teach lifestyle-
modification behavior that could prevent
the development of acute or chronic
problems.
Alternative Medical
Systems
 Alternative Medical System
Involve complete systems of theory and
practice
Independent or parallel to conventional
medicine
Many are traditional systems of medicine
that are practiced by individual cultures
throughout the world
 Alternative Medical System
Major Eastern Whole Medical Systems
Traditional Chinese medicine
Acupuncture and Moxibustion
Chinese Materia Medica
Massage and Manipulation
Ayurvedic Medicine
Major Western Whole Medical Systems
Curanderismo
Homeopathy
Naturopathy
 Traditional Chinese
Medicine

The superior physician helps before the early budding of

the disease; The inferior physician begins to help when
the disease has already set in...
-Yellow Emperors Classic of Medicine
Traditional Chinese Medicine
complete system of healing that dates back
to 200 B.C. in written form
Korea, Japan, and Vietnam based their
medical system from practices originating
China
Principle: the body is a delicate balance
Yin represents cold, slow, or passive principle
Yang represents hot, excited, or active principle
 Qi, the Vital Energy
Invisible flow of energy that circulates the
universe
Qi flows throughout the body along a
network of energy circuits called meridians
Obstruction in the normal flow of Qi can
cause illness
 Five Phases and Seasons
Five Phases Theory
Dynamic connection between forces of nature
and the body
Fire, earth, metal, water, and wood
Five Seasons
Four cardinal directions are connected with
the Five elements
Earth, the fifth element, is the center
South is the most important direction
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Diagnostic Methods
Inspection
Auscultation/Olfaction
Sounds and odors of the body may signify
imbalance
Inquiry
Comprehensive history taking
Palpation
Pulse diagnosis
Traditional Chinese Medicine
Treatments and Interventions
Acupuncture
Stimulation of anatomic points called hsueh where
meridian passes close to the skin
Moxibustion
Application of heat from burning substances at
acupuncture points
Chinese Materia Medica
standard reference book of information on medicinal
substances that are used in Chinese herbal medicine


Acupressure
 Acupressure
Method of maintaining health,
treating disease and alleviating pain
by applying pressure or massaging
certain points on the body surfaces
Acupuncture
 Acupuncture
often called "Oriental medicine" or
"traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
involves the insertion of stainless steel
needles into various body areas
A low-frequency current may be applied to
the needles to produce greater stimulation
claims to restore balance
Tui Na Massage
 Tui Na Massage
Chinese therapeutic massage
Pushing and grasping
combination of all massage styles
including relaxation, deep tissues,
acupressure, joint, or bone
manipulations
deals almost exclusively with
physical/structural imbalance only
 Ayurvedic Medicine

The relationship between the body and the mind is so

intimate that, if either of them get out of order, the whole
system would suffer
- Ghandi
 Ayurvedic Medicine
Ayurveda is one of the oldest medical
systems in the world
Practiced for 4000 years in India
Sanskrit word:
ayur means life
veda means knowledge
Principle: Connection and balance
between microcosm and macrocosm
 Microcosm and Macrocosm
Microcosm the people
Macrocosm the universe
Understand the world to understand people
Understand the people to understand the
world
Because of this assertion it is believed that
human health is influenced by his
environment
 Ayurvedic Medicine
Diagnostic Methods
Pulse diagnosis
pulses are related to prana
Tongue diagnosis
Color of tongue indicates functional status of internal
organs
Urine diagnosis
Body observation
Cool, hot, rough, or dry skin indicates imbalance
Nails that have longitudinal striations, bumps, or a parrot
beak also indicates imbalance
 Ayurvedic Medicine
Specific lifestyle interventions are a major
preventive and therapeutic approach
Individualized care and treatment
Treatments and Interventions includes
Nutrition
balanced diet means balance of six tastes - sweet, sour,
salty, pungent, bitter, and astringent
Yoga
Combination of exercise, meditation, breathing, and
relaxation techniques
 CAM Alternative Medical
Systems
Western Alternative Medical Systems
Curanderismo
Homeopathic Medicine
Naturopathic Medicine
Curanderismo
 Curanderismo
Spanish verb curar or to heal
Latin America Hispanic Americans
Most characteristic of Mexican Americans
Survives by growing, changing, and
incorporating Western biomedical beliefs
 Curanderismo
Various techniques
Prayer
Herbal medicine
Healing rituals
Spiritualism
Massage
Psychic healing
 Curanderismo
Healers call themselves curanderos and
curanderas
The only healer in the culture who can
treat mal puesto - illnesses caused by
witchcraft (brujos and brujas)
Supernatural illness
el don de Dios gift of healing from God
Don Martin performing a cure in front of his
altar in Ojinga, Chihuahua, Mexico
 Curanderismo
Three levels of healing
Material level
Use of physical or supernatural objects to heal
Spiritual level
Similar to shamanic healing rituals
Mental level
Transmits mental vibrations in a way that directly
affects a persons condition
 Homeopathy
Complete system of medical theory and
practice
Samuel Christian Hahnemann (1755-
1843) German physicist
Proving or human pathogenic trial
Considers all the aspects of a persons
health status - individualized
Practitioners are called homeopaths
 Homeopathy
Aims to stimulate the bodys own healing
responses
Administered in minute or potentially
nonexistent material dosages
Concepts
Law of Similars (like cures like)
Law of Infinitesimals
Naturopathy
 Naturopathy
System of healing
Originated from Europe
Body naturally heals itself
Emphasizes health restoration and
disease treatment
Literally translates as nature disease
 Naturopathy
Six principles
Healing power of nature
Identification and treatment of the cause of
disease
The concept of "first do no harm"
The doctor as teacher
Treatment of the whole person
Prevention
 Naturopathy
Core modalities
Diet modification and nutritional supplements
Herbal medicine
Acupuncture and Chinese medicine
Hydrotherapy
Massage and Joint manipulation
Lifestyle counseling
 Naturopathy
No research study has regarded
naturopathy as a complete system of
medicine
Examples
Propolis (a resinous product collected from
beehives) and vitamin C for ear pain
Cranberrry juice or tablet acts as prophylaxis
against urinary tract infection
MIND-BODY TECHNIQUES

Drag your thought away from your troubles by the ears,

by the heel, or any other way you can manage it. Its the
healthiest thing a body can do
Mark Twain
 Mind-body interventions
Uses a variety of techniques designed to
enhance the minds capacity to affect
bodily function and manifestations
Ex: client support groups and cognitive-
behavioral therapy
Other ex: aromatherapy; art, music, or
dance therapy; biofeedback; hypnosis;
imagery; meditation; shamanism; spiritual
healing; Tai Chi; yoga
AROMATHERAPY
Aromatherapy
 AROMATHERAPY
Use of fragrant compounds or essential
(volatile) oils extracted from plants
Used to improve mood and overall health
Can be inhaled or applied during massage
Popular compounds: CHAMOMILE,
EUCALYPTUS, JASMINE, LAVANDER,
PEPPERMINT, ROSEMARY
Application of AROMATHERAPY
Inhalation (directly or diffused into the air)
Absorption through the skin (baths,
massages, compresses)
Absorption through the mucous
membranes (oral rinses and gargles)
Ingestion (occasionally prescribed, with
caveats)
ART, MUSIC OR DANCE
THERAPY
 ART, MUSIC OR DANCE
THERAPY
Use drawing or art, music, or dance to
help individuals cope or express emotions
 BIOFEEDBACK

If you believe you can or if you believe you cant, youre

right.
Henry Ford
 BIOFEEDBACK

Treatment that utilizes monitoring devices

to assist individuals to make them more
aware of their physiology and allow them
better self-control over such things as
blood pressure, muscle tension,
temperature, and bladder control
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
THERMAL FEEDBACK
Primary tool for general relaxation training
and treatment of specific vascular disease
Sensors attached to your fingers or feet
measure your skin temperature
Blood flow in the hands responds to stress
and relaxation, & clients learn to relax by
watching the rise and fall of finger temp.
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE (EDR) or
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Sensors measure the activity of your
sweat glands and the amount of
perspiration on your skin, alerting you to
anxiety
Highly sensitive to emotions and thoughts
Method most commonly used by a lie
detector machine
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
ELECTRODERMAL RESPONSE (EDR) or
GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE
Used in general relaxation training to help
people reduce the impact of significant
stressors and anxiety, and to treat
excessive sweating
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
most common form of biofeedback
measurement
uses electrodes or other types of sensors
to measure muscle tension
mainly used as a relaxation technique to
help ease tension in those muscles
involved in backaches, headaches, neck
pain and bruxism
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY (EMG)
Used for general relaxation training and
insomnia that is due to over activation of
the autonomic nervous system
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE [R(os)]
Measures the rate, volume, and rhythm of
respiration
Useful in treating both asthma and the
hyperventilation of anxiety and panic
attacks
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
GASTROINTESTINAL FEEDBACK
Helpful in treating irritable bowel
syndrome, colitis, heartburn, functional
dyspepsia, and Crohns disease
CARDIOVASCULAR (EKG) FEEDBACK
Available through portable heart rate
monitors to augment a persons ability to
control heart rate
Biofeedback
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
PELVIC MUSCLE DYSFUNCTION
FEEDBACK
Used for people with chronic constipation
related to pelvic dysfunction
Sensors measure the activity of internal
and external rectal sphincter for treatment
of fecal incontinence and the activity of the
detrusor mucle for the treatment of urinary
incontinence
 Types of BIOFEEDBACK
ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPH (EEG)
Also called NEUROTHERAPY
Records information about brain wave
activity from sensors placed on the scalp
Used for mind quieting, attention control,
short-term memory improvement, mood
swings, posttraumatic stress disorder, and
alcohol and drug addiction
 HYPNOTHERAPY

The greatest discovery of any

generation is that human beings can
alter their lives by altering the attitude
of their minds.
Albert Schweitzer
 HYPNOTHERAPY
application of hypnosis as a form of
treatment, usually for relieving pain or
conditions related to one's state of mind

HYPNOSIS
State of restful alertness during which
individual become more aware of his or
her surroundings to change behavior or
promote healthful practices
 Techniques
Age Regression - by returning to an earlier ego-
state the patient can regain qualities they once
had, but have lost. Remembering an earlier,
healthier, ego-state can increase the patients
strength and confidence.
Revivification - remembering past experiences
can contribute to therapy. For example; the
hypnotist may ask "have you ever been in
trance?" and then find it easier to revive the
previous experience than attempt inducing a
new state.
 Techniques
Guided Imagery - a method by which the
subject is given a new relaxing and
beneficial experience.
Parts Therapy - a method to identify
conflicting parts that are damaging the
well being of clients, then helps those
parts negotiate with each other through
the therapist to bring about a resolution.
 Techniques
Confusion - a method developed by Milton
Erickson in which the subject becomes
receptive to ideas because confused.
Repetition - the more an idea is repeated
the more likely it is to be accepted and
acted upon by the patient.
Direct Suggestion - suggesting directly.
"You feel safe and secure".
 Techniques
Indirect Suggestion - using "interspersal"
technique and other means to cause
effect.
Mental State - people are more receptive
while relaxed, sleeping, or in a trance.
Hypnoanalysis - the client recalls
moments from his past, confronting them
and releasing associated emotions, similar
to psychoanalysis.
 Techniques
Post Hypnotic Suggestion - a suggestion that
will be carried out after the trance has ended.
"When you re-awaken you will feel refreshed."
Visualization - being told to imagine or visualize
a desired outcome seems to make it more likely
to actually occur.
Techniques specific to medical disorders, such
as gut-directed hypnotherapy protocols for
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
 IMAGERY

The power which a mans imagination has over his body

to heal it or make it sick is a force which none of us is
born without
Mark Twain
 IMAGERY
Two way communication between the
conscious and unconscious mind and
involves the whole body and all of its
senses.
Mental exercise where the clients mind
and thoughts are supposed to impact or
assist a certain outcome
 Kinds of IMAGERY
Feeling-state imagery
End-state imagery
Energetic imagery
Cellular imagery
Physiologic imagery
Psychological imagery
Spiritual imagery
Eight Characteristics to make IMAGERY
effective as a HEALING TOOL

1. Images must be personal

2. Images must feel right to the person and
be congruent with who they are and their
values
3. Imagery works best in a permissive,
unforced atmosphere
4. Images must be energetic and physical
Eight Characteristics to make IMAGERY
effective as a HEALING TOOL

5. Images must be anatomically correct and

accurate
6. Skill at using imagery increases with
practice
7. Imagery should have an end-stage
component
8. If people are receiving medical treatment
concurrently, they should include it in the
imagery
 MEDITATION

In prayer we talk with God, in meditation we listen

Edgar Cayce
 MEDITATION
meditari, means to consider or to pay
attention to something
General term for a wide range of practices
that involve relaxing the body and stilling
the mind
Uses reflection or mental concentration to
create a higher sense of well-being and
relaxation
SHAMANISM
 SHAMANISM
a range of traditional beliefs and practices
similar to Animism that claim the ability to
diagnose and cure human suffering and,
in some societies, the ability to cause
suffering
based on the premise that the visible
world is pervaded by invisible forces or
spirits that affect the lives of the living
 SHAMANS
he who knows
originally referred to the traditional healers
of Turkic-Mongol areas such as Northern
Asia and Mongolia
experts employed by animists or animist
communities
are not often organized into full-time ritual
or spiritual associations, as are priests
Spiritual Healing
 SPIRITUAL HEALING
direct interaction between the healer and
a client with the intention of improving the
clients overall or specific condition or
potentially curing the disease

Variations: Reiki, intercessory prayer, faith

healing, therapeutic touch
 FAITH and PRAYER
And if you would know God be not therefore a solver of
riddles.
Rather look about you and you shall see Him playing with
your children.
And look into space; you shall see Him walking in the cloud,
outstretching His arms in the lightning and descending in
the rain.
You shall see Him smiling in flowers, then rising and waving
His hands in trees
Kahlil Gibran
 FAITH and PRAYER
active effort to communicate with a deity or
spirit, including a monotheist God, Saints,
gods within a pantheon, or others; either to
offer praise, to make a request, or simply to
express one's thoughts and emotions
People meditate and say prayers that elicit
physiologic calm and a sense of
peacefulness, both of which contribute to
loner survival
 TAI CHI

A Chinese Martial Art

 TAI CHI
great ultimate fist
supreme boxing or root of all motion
system originally taught by the Chen family to
the Yang family starting in 1820
promoted and practiced as a martial arts therapy
for the purposes of health and longevity
considered a soft style martial art, an art applied
with as complete a relaxation or "softness" in the
musculature as possible
 TAI CHI: Three primary
subjects
Health - an unhealthy or otherwise
uncomfortable person will find it difficult to
meditate to a state of calmness or to use
T'ai Chi as a martial art. T'ai Chi's health
training therefore concentrates on
relieving the physical effects of stress on
the body and mind.
 TAI CHI: Three primary
subjects
Meditation - the focus meditation and
subsequent calmness cultivated by the
meditative aspect of T'ai Chi is seen as
necessary to maintain optimum health (in
the sense of effectively maintaining stress
relief or homeostasis) and in order to use
it as a soft style martial art
 TAI CHI: Three primary
subjects
Martial art - the ability to competently use
T'ai Chi as a martial art is said to be proof
that the health and meditation aspects are
working according to the dictates of the
theory of T'ai Chi Ch'an
The T'ai Chi Symbol or
T'ai Chi T'u
to physically and
energetically balance
yin (receptive) and
yang (active)
principles
"From ultimate
softness comes
ultimate hardness."
CLASSICAL and MODERN
TAI CHI
 YOGA

Mindful yoga invites us to observe the

arising and passing of sensations,
thoughts, and emotions like clouds
within the all-embracing sky of
awareness
Jon Kabat-Sin
 YOGA
From the Sanskrit word yuj meaning to
yoke or to join
a combination of breathing exercises,
physical postures, and meditation,
practiced for over 5,000 years
Hinduism: a journey of the body, mind,
and spirit on a path toward unity
 YOGA

Form of therapy has

improved quality of
life for some clients
by leading to
relaxation and
reduced stress levels
Yoga
 Physical and Psychological
Benefits of YOGA
Increases flexibility of muscles and joints
Tones and strengthen muscles
Improves endurance
Increases circulation
Lowers blood pressure
Increases lymphatic circulation
Improves digestion and elimination
 Physical and Psychological
Benefits of YOGA
Promotes deeper breathing
Increases brain endophins, enkephalins,
serotonin
Increases mental acuity
Augments alpha and theta brain wave
activity
Promotes relaxation
Manages stress
MIND OVER MATTER!
 Biological Based
Therapies

Use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, and

vitamins.
 Biological Based Therapies
Includes, but is not limited to, botanicals, animal-derived
extracts, vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, amino acids,
proteins, prebiotics and probiotics, whole diets, and
functional foods

Includes natural and biologically-based practices,

interventions, and products, many of which overlap with
conventional medicine's use of dietary supplements

Herbal, special dietary, orthomolecular and biological

therapies
 Herbal Therapy
Employs individual or mixtures of herbs for therapeutic
value

Herb - a plant or plant part that produces and contains

chemical substances that act upon the body

Valerian tea for improved sleep

Echinacea to treat or prevent colds

 Special Diet Therapy
More than 40 alternative diets are believed to prevent and/or
control a variety of conditions as well as promote health
Macrobiotic diets based on belief that disease is caused
by an imbalance of yin and yang
Gerson diet vegan diet, high in potassium and low in
sodium, to prevent cancer
Atkins low carb diet to treat nutritional disorders and
obesity
Ornish vegetarian diet formulated to reverse heart disease
Pritikin low-fat, high carb diet
 Orthomolecular Therapy
Dietary supplements

Aims to treat disease with varying concentrations of

chemicals, such as, magnesium, melatonin, and mega-
doses of vitamins
 Biological Therapy
Use of natural but scientifically unproved therapies

Use of laetrile and shark cartilage to treat cancer

Use of bee pollen to treat autoimmune and inflammatory

diseases
 Dietary Supplements
A product taken by mouth that contains a "dietary
ingredient" intended to supplement the diet ( Congress,
DSHEA 1994 )

Dietary ingredients include vitamins, minerals, herbs or

other botanicals, amino acids, and substances such as
enzymes, organ tissues, glandulars, and metabolites

Extracts or concentrates (in tablet, capsule, softgel,

gelcap, liquid, or powder form)

Regulated differently by FDA than drug products

(prescription or OTC)
 Drug vs. Dietary
Supplement
The difference between a dietary supplement and a drug
lies in the use of the agent, not in the nature of the agent
itself.

Dietary supplement used to resolve a nutritional

deficiency or to improve or sustain the structure or
function of the body, the agent is considered a dietary
supplement

Drug used to diagnose, prevent, treat, or cure a

disease
 FDA Regulation
Drugs vs. Dietary Supplements
Drugs Dietary Supplements
Follow defined good Follow existing
manufacturing practices manufacturing
(GMPs) requirements for foods
 Drugs Dietary Supplements
Approved by the FDA as Marketed dietary
safe and efficacious prior supplements monitored
to marketing for adverse effects after
they are on the market
Newly marketed dietary
supplements not subject
to premarket approval or a
specific postmarket
surveillance period
* manufacturers of dietary
supplements are
responsible for ensuring
that their products are
safe
 Drugs
Require claims of benefit,
and citation of existing
literature to validate such
claims
Dietary Supplements
Do not require substantiation
data
*the Federal Trade
Commission has primary
responsibility for
monitoring dietary
supplements for truth in
advertising
 Drug Dietary Supplement
Subject to investigational Not subject to IND
new drug (IND) requirements
requirements
 History
Italian Alps (1991) Ice Mans personal effects included
medicinal herbs

Middle Ages medicinal herbs inventoried for their

medicinal effects

Formed the basis of modern drugs

 Interactions with Drugs
Because of widespread use and because they are
natural, people assume that dietary supplements are
inert or harmless.

Studies show that interactions between drugs and

dietary supplements do occur.

Gingko extract antioxidant and inhibits platelet

aggregation bleeding reported with the combined use
of gingko and drugs with anticoagulant or antiplatelet
effects
 Interactions with Drugs
Garlic, glucosamine, ginseng (Panax), saw palmetto,
soy, valerian, and yohimbe are also thought to potentiate
or interfere with prescription drugs
 Toxicity
May be due to misidentification, contamination, and
adulteration

May result from the products themselves

Ex. Kava - fulminant liver failure, ephedra

 Evaluation of Supplement
Safety
From a 2004 Institute of Medicine report

Developed because:

Of the large number of dietary supplement ingredients

Dietary supplements are assumed to be safe in

general

the FDA is unlikely to have the resources to evaluate

each ingredient uniformly
 Evaluation of Supplement
Safety
Among the report's recommendations are:
All federally supported research on dietary
supplements conducted to assess efficacy should be
required to include the collection and reporting of all
data on the safety of the ingredient under study.
The development of effective working relationships
and partnerships between the FDA and NIH should
continue.
The FDA and NIH should establish clear guidelines
for cooperative efforts on high-priority safety issues
related to the use of dietary supplements.
 Common Plant-Derived Conventional Medicines

Drug Plant Name Drug Classification

Atropine Atropa belladonna Anticholinergic,

antispasmodic,
antidysrhythmic
Capsaicin Capsicum Topical analgesic
frutescens
Cocaine Erythroxylon coca Topical anesthetic

Codeine Papaver Analgesic

somniferum
Colchicine Colchicum Antigout
autumnale
 Common Plant-Derived Conventional Medicines

Drug Plant Name Drug Classification

Digoxin Digitalis Antidysrhythmic

purpurea
Ephedrine Ephedra sinica Appetite suppressant

Ipecac Caphaelis Antidote, emetic

ipecacuanha
Physostigmin Physostigma Cholinergic
e venenosum
Quinine Cinchona Antimalarial,
officinales antimyotonic
 Common Plant-Derived Conventional Medicines

Drug Plant Name Drug Classification

Salicylin Salix purpurea Analgesic, Antipyretic

Scopolamine Datura fastuosa Antiemetic,

anticholinergic
Senna Cassia Laxative
acutifolia
Taxol Taxus brevifolia Antineoplastic

Vincristine Catharanthus Antineoplastic

roseus
 Manipulative and
Body-Based Methods
 INTRODUCTION
Complementary and Alternative Medicine includes:
Chiropractic manipulation
Osteopathic manipulation
Massage therapy
Tui Na
Reflexology
Rolfing
Bowen technique
Trager bodywork
Alexander technique
Feldenkrais method
 INTRODUCTION
Manipulative and body-based practices
focuses on:
structures of the body
bones and joints
the soft tissues
the circulatory system
lymphatic systems.
 INTRODUCTION
Practices were derived from traditional
systems of medicine from:
China
India
Egypt
others were developed within the last 150
years
 DEFINITIONS
Alexander technique: Patient education/guidance in
ways to improve posture and movement, and to use
muscles efficiently.
Bowen technique: Gentle massage of muscles and
tendons over acupuncture and reflex points.
Chiropractic manipulation: Adjustments of the joints of
the spine, as well as other joints and muscles.
Craniosacral therapy: Form of massage using gentle
pressure on the plates of the patient's skull.
Feldenkrais method: Group classes and hands-on
lessons designed to improve the coordination of the
whole person in comfortable, effective, and intelligent
movement.
 DEFINITIONS
Massage therapy: Assortment of techniques involving
manipulation of the soft tissues of the body through
pressure and movement.
Osteopathic manipulation: Manipulation of the joints
combined with physical therapy and instruction in proper
posture.
Reflexology: Method of foot (and sometimes hand)
massage in which pressure is applied to "reflex" zones
mapped out on the feet (or hands).
Rolfing: Deep tissue massage (also called structural
integration).
Trager bodywork: Slight rocking and shaking of the
patient's trunk and limbs in a rhythmic fashion.
Tui Na: Application of pressure with the fingers and
thumb, and manipulation of specific points on the body
(acupoints).
Chiropractic
 What is Chiropractic
form of health care that focuses on the
relationship between the body's structure,
primarily of the spine, and function
use a type of hands-on therapy called
manipulation (or adjustment) as their core
clinical procedure
 Key Points

Chiropractic is most often used to treat

musculoskeletal conditions--problems with
the muscles, joints, bones, and connective
tissue such as cartilage, ligaments, and
tendons.
Research studies of chiropractic treatment
for low-back pain have been of uneven
quality and insufficient to allow firm
conclusions
 The risk of experiencing complications
from chiropractic adjustment of the low
back appears to be very low
The risk appears to be higher for
adjustment of the neck.
 Basic Concepts
The body has a powerful self-healing
ability
The body's structure (primarily that of the
spine) and its function are closely related,
and this relationship affects health
Chiropractic therapy is given with the
goals of normalizing this relationship
between structure and function and
assisting the body as it heals
What do chiropractors do in
treating patients?

health history

physical examination, with special

emphasis on the spine
What do chiropractors do in
treating patients?
Chiropractors perform adjustments
Given mainly to the spine, chiropractic
adjustments involve applying a controlled,
sudden force to a joint
To increase the range and quality of
motion in the area being treated
What do chiropractors do in
treating patients?

Most chiropractors Examples of Nonmanual

use other treatments Chiropractic Treatments1
Heat and ice
in addition to Ultrasound
Electrical stimulation
adjustment, such as Rehabilitative exercise
mobilization, Magnetic therapy
Counseling about diet, weight
massage, and loss, and other lifestyle factors
Dietary supplements
nonmanual Homeopathy Acupuncture
treatments
MASSAGE THERAPY
 MASSAGE THERAPY
It is an assortment of techniques involving
manipulation of the soft tissues of the
body through pressure and movement.
 BENEFITS OF MASSAGE
THERAPY
increases blood supply, oxygen, and
nutrition to muscles, tissue, joints, and the
vital organs
improves circulation throughout the body,
which helps muscles to recover more
quickly from exertion and fatigue
helps to relieve the pain and discomfort
associated with muscle tension, fractures,
sprains, sciatica, and stiff joints
 BENEFITS OF MASSAGE
THERAPY
aids in the relief of muscle spasms and cramping
helps in the prevention of muscular atrophy.
helps break up scar tissue
especially useful in the breakup of post surgical
adhesions and edema
promotes a greater range of motion in joints
keeps ligaments and tendons supple
lowers blood pressure and heart rate
reduces stress, anxiety, and depression.
 MASSAGE TYPES
Craniosacral Therapy - Via a gentle, noninvasive
manipulative technique
this encourages own natural mechanisms to improve
the functioning of your brain and spinal cord to
dissipate the negative effects of stress, promote good
health, and enhance resistance to disease.
 MASSAGE TYPES
Deep Tissue Massage - is used to
release chronic muscle tension through
slower strokes and more direct pressure
or friction applied across the grain of the
muscles.
is a process of detection of stiff or painful
areas by determining the quality and texture
of the deeper layers of musculature, and
slowly working into the deep layers of muscle
tissue.
 MASSAGE TYPES
Shiatsu - traditional hands-on Japanese healing therapy.
can help in a wide range of conditions - from specific
injuries to more general symptoms of poor health.
help to prevent the build up of stress in our daily lives.
Relives:
back pain
menstrual problems
headaches, migraines
digestive problems
whiplash injuries
asthmatic symptoms
neck stiffness
sports injuries
joint pain and reduced mobility
 MASSAGE TYPES
Swedish massage - collection of techniques designed
primarily to relax muscles by applying pressure.
uses oil or baby powder to reduce friction.
can relax muscles,
increase circulation,
remove metabolic waste products
speed venous return from the extremities.
shortens recovery time from muscular strain by flushing
the tissue of lactic acid, uric acid and other metabolic
wastes.
improves circulation without increasing heart load. It
stretches the ligaments and tendons, keeping them
supple.
Energy Therapies

May the force be with you...

 ENERGY THERAPIES
Energy medicine is a domain in CAM that deals with
energy fields

Two types:
Biofield therapies
(putative)
Bioelectromagnetic
(veritable)
 ENERGY THERAPIES
Biofield therapies
intended to affect energy fields that supposedly
surround and penetrate the human body.

Examples:
qi gong,
Reiki, and
Therapeutic Touch
 ENERGY THERAPIES
Bioelectromagnetic
involve the unconventional use of electromagnetic
fields

employ mechanical vibrations and electromagnetic

forces

involve the use of specific, measurable wavelengths

and frequencies to treat patients
Biofield Therapies
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Background
based on the concept that human beings are
infused with a subtle form of energy

Asian practitioners postulated that the flow and

balance of life energies are necessary for
maintaining health and described tools to restore
them

Practitioners of energy medicine believe that illness

results from disturbances of these subtle energies
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Examples:
Acupuncture

Reiki

Qi Gong

Therapeutic Touch
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Acupuncture
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Acupuncture
a family of procedures involving stimulation of
anatomical points on the body by a variety of
techniques
method of healing developed in China at least
2,000 years ago
involves penetrating the skin with thin, solid,
metallic needles that are manipulated by the hands
or by electrical stimulation.
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Acupuncture
more than 2,000 acupuncture points in the body

12 main and eight secondary pathways called

meridians

Meridians: conduct energy or gi throughout the

body
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Acupuncture for pain
Acupuncture points are believed to stimulate the
central nervous system to release chemicals into
the muscles, spinal cord and brain
three main mechanisms:
Conduction of electromagnetic signals
Activation of opioid systems
Changes in brain chemistry, sensation and
involuntary body functions
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Reiki
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Reiki
means "universal life energy.

originated in Japan

practitioner places his hands on or near the person

receiving treatment, with the intent to transmit ki

Ki: life-force energy

 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Reiki
Ki:
Is spiritual in origin.
Makes up and moves through all living things.
Is available in infinite quantities, positive in nature,
and important to all aspects of health.
Is present both inside the body and on its surface.
Flows throughout the body in specific channels.
Has its flow disturbed by negative thoughts or
feelings.
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Reiki
if ki's flow is disrupted, the body's functioning
becomes disrupted, and health problems can occur
Health related purposes:
Effects of stress.
Chronic pain.
Improving immunity.
Mental clarity.
Sense of well-being and/or spirituality.
Enhancing sense of peace in dying people
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Reiki
Procedure
practitioner places her hands on or slightly above
the client's body

uses 12 to 15 different hand positions

Each hand position is held until the practitioner

feels that the flow of energy has slowed or stopped
(typically 2-5 mins)
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Qi Gong
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Qi Gong
ancient form of exercise therapy, often translated as
'energy work' or 'breath discipline,

Combining breathing, mental focus, stretching, and

movement

promotes enhancement of the flow of qi in the body,

improve blood circulation, and enhance immune
function.
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Qi Gong
art of cultivating one's energy, both internal and
external

based on the belief that all human beings contain a

type of energy that circulates throughout their
bodies via 12 pathways

qi gong master heals a patient by clearing away the

blockages and re-balancing the body's energy
balance.
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Therapeutic Touch
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Therapeutic Touch
derived from an ancient technique called laying-on
of hands

based on the belief that living beings have an

energy field or aura which extends beyond the
surface of the body that can be manipulated by the
therapist

healing is promoted when the body's energies are

in balance
 BIOFIELD THERAPIES
Therapeutic touch
works with the interaction between the energy fields
(auras) of healer and patient

the healer must have an active intent for healing to

occur

the patient must desire (even unconsciously) a

return to health
Bioelectromagnetic Therapy

Energy is not obtained from the gross molecular aspects

of food and air, but rather from what can be called its
vibrational essence or its electromagnetism
Dr. Stephen T. Chang
 BIOELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY
Magnetic Therapy
Use of static magnets to relieve pain or to obtain
other alleged benefits
based on belief that magnetic fields from
permanent magnets placed close to the body can
cause bones to heal faster, relieve pain, and
perform other forms of healing
It has recently been shown that static magnetic
fields affect the microvasculature of skeletal muscle
 BIOELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY
Millimeter Wave Therapy
Low-power millimeter wave (MW) irradiation elicits
biological effects, and is used to treat a variety of
conditions

the nature of MW action is not well understood

unclear whether MW yields clinical effects beyond a

placebo response.
 BIOELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY
Sound Energy Therapy
referred to as vibrational or frequency therapy
includes music therapy
presumptive basis of its effect is that specific sound
frequencies resonate with specific organs of the
body to heal and support the body
used to entrain mood states and reduce acute or
chronic pain
 BIOELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY
Light Therapy
Use of natural or artificial light to treat various
ailments

High-intensity light therapy has been documented

to be useful for seasonal affective disorder

Low-level laser therapy is claimed to be useful for

relieving pain, reducing inflammation, and helping
to heal wounds
MAGNETIC THERAPY