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2 LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian
2 LaminarFlowPipes&Annuli Newtonian
Newtonian Fluids
Pp = Pf(dp) + Pf(a) + Pb
When attempting to quantify the pressure losses in side the drillstring and in the annulus it is
worth considering the following matrix:
Momentum Equation
Assumptions:
5. Isothermal flow
Momentum equation:
dV
F P g
dt
Force Analysis
d ( r ) dp
r
dr dL
Force Analysis
Force Analysis
d ( r ) dp
r
dr dL
dp
d ( r ) r dL
dr
r dp C1
2 dL r
r dp f C1
2 dL r
B.C. r = 0 --> = 0: then C1 = 0
r dp
2 dL
For Newtonian fluids dudr
R R
dP 4
Q udA u 2rdr Q R
8 dL
0 0
R
dP 4
Q
4 dL
1 dP 2
r R 2 2rdr Q
8 dL
R uR 2
0
2 dP
R
1 dP 2
Q
4 dL 0
r 2 R 2 rdr u
8 dL
R
2 dP R 4 R 4
Q
4 dL 4 2
Maximum velocity:
dP u
In field unit:
dL 1,500d 2
From equation: r dp
2 dL
w
Combining with the definition of Fanning friction factor: f
1 2
u
2
Field unit:
This equation can be used to calculate pressure under laminar or turbulent conditions
where
This equation is used to calculate the Fanning friction factor when the flow is laminar. If Re <
2,100 then the flow is under laminar conditions
Where is called the nominal Newtonian shear rate. For Newtonian fluid, we can used
Q = 400 GPM
Q = 40 GPM
Velocity:
Reynolds number:
With turbulent flow and assuming smooth pipe, the Fanning friction factor:
0.0791 0.0791
f 0.25
0.25
0.00685
Re 17725
dP fu 2 0.00685 10 8.937 2
0.0496 psig / ft
dL 25.8d 25.8 4.276
dP u 20 8.9 5
8. 2 10 psi / ft
dL 1,500d 2
1,500 4.276 2
f = 16 / Re = 0.009
dP fu 2 0.009 10 0.89 2
0.00065 psig / ft
dL 25.8d 25.8 4.276
r dp C1
From the general equation for fluid flow:
2 dL r
dv r dp C1
dr 2 dL r
dv r dp C1
dr 2 dL r
r dp C1
dv ( ) dr
2 dL r
r dp C1
dv 2 dL r )dr
(
r 2 dp f C1
v ln r C 2
4 dL
r 2 dp f C1
v ln r C 2
4 dL
We need two boundary conditions to find C 1 and C2
B.C. 1: r = r1 --> u = 0
r2
B.C. 2: r = r2 --> u = 0
r1
r2
dp ln
u
1 f
4 dL
r2
2
r
2
r2
2
r1
2
r
r2
ln
r1
1 dp f 2 2 ln r2
Q v(2r )dr
4 dL
r2 r
r2
2
r1
2
r
r 2rdr
ln
r1
2
Q
dp f r r
2
r24 r14 2 1
2 2
8 dL r
ln 2
r1
Average velocity can be expressed as
Q r22 r12 u
SI Unit Field
Unit
Pressure drop: dp f 8 u u
dL
r r
2 2
d d 2 2
r2 r1 1,500 d 22 d12
2 2 2 1 2 1
d2
ln r2 ln
r1 d1
Prepared by: Tan Nguyen
Drilling Engineering
Field unit:
Solution:
Average velocity:
dp f u 15(1.362)
0.0051 psig / ft
dL 7 5 2 2
d 22 d12 1,500 7 5
2 2
1,500 d 2 d1
2 2
ln 7
d 5
ln
d1
2
Or:
A qW
h(r221)12
Annular Flow Newtonian Fluids
Narrow Slot Approximation
Since the exact solution is so complicated, a narrow
rectangular slot approximation is used to arrive at
solutions still very useful for practical drilling
engineering applications. We represent the annulus
as a slot which has the same area and the same
height with the annulus. This approximation is good if
D1 / D2 > 0.3
y + y
P1 P2
dv dp
y C1
dy dL
1 dp 2 C1 y
v y C2
2 dL
Boundary conditions: y = 0 --> u = 0 and y = h --> v = 0
C2 0
h dp
C1
2 dL
v
1 dp 2 h dp
2 dL
y
2 dL
y
1 dp 2
2 dL
y hy
h h h
q vdA vWdy
2
1 dp 2
dL
y hy Wdy
Wh 3 dp
12 dL
0 0 0
2 2
Wh (r2 r1 ) and h r2 r1
dp f 2 2
q (r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
12 dL
q Av r22 r12 v
dp f 2 2
(r2 r1 )(r2 r1 )2
q q 12 dL (r2 r1 )2 dp f
v
A r22 r12
r22 r12 12 dL
_
dp f 12 v
dL (r2 r1 )2
Field unit
_
dp f v
dL 1000(d 2 d1 )2
w 6v 12v
w
r2 r1 d 2 d1
Field unit:
w 144v
w
d 2 d1
_
dp f 8 v 8v
w
dL R2 D
_
dp f 12 v 12v
w
dL (r2 r1 )2 d 2 d1
Q 80
Velocity of fluid in the drillpipe: u dp 1.79 ft / s
2.448d dp2 2.448 4.276 2
Q 80
u ann 1.36 ft / s
2.448 d 22 d12 2.448 7 2 5 2
Velocity of fluid in the annulus:
dP u dp 15 1.79
Pressure drop in the drillpipe: 9.79 10 4 psig / ft
dL dp 1500d dp2 1500 4.276 2
d b2
3 13 / 32 0.39 in 2
2
Drill bit area: At 3
4 4
8.311 10 5 q 2 8.311 10 5 9 80 2
Pressure drop at the bit: Pb 34.87 psig
C d2 At2 0.95 2 0.39 2
dP dP dP
Total pressure drop: Pbit
dL Total dL dp dL ann
dP
dL Total
9.79 10 4 0.0051 10,000 34.87 60.78 34.87 95.66 psig
144v 144(1.362)
w 98 1 / s
Shear rate at the wall:
d 2 d1 7 5