Structure of Plant

Glandular
tissue
Plant Nectaries
Digestive
tissue Lactivirous

re t som e
Meristem Permanent Sec ical
c he m
tissue tissue

Dermal tissue
Epidermis Vascular tissue
-Embrional Xylem
tissue Ground tissue Phloem
- Part of cell Parenchyma
division Collenchyma
Pro t e ction sclerencyma
- n of
ve n t i o
- Pre os s an sport
water l - T r
e r and
w a t
als
y n t hesis miner food
to s sport
- Pho s t o rage - Tra n
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- Foo e r ation
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- Reg pport
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 According the location
Apical at the tip of the root, stem and
branches. It provides
longitudinal growth of these organs.
Intercalary an unusual type of dividing
tissue found in blades of
grass at the point where a leaf or side branch
develops
Lateral laterally within the stem or root and
provides an increase in the diameter of some
parts of the plant.
Meriste
m
tissue
According the origin:
Promeristem in embrional tissue
Primary actively dividing, longitudinal
growth of organs. Example: in tip of roots and
stem.
Secondary come from primary meristem.
Example: vascular cambium and cork (spongy
cambium/ felogen). Causes horizontal (diameter)
growth of plant (girth).
 Fun
c
Co tion
Pr vers th Dermal
o e
haz tects t plant Tissue
ard he i t
Prev s nne issue
e r ce
urin n ts w lls f
g ho ate rom
t an r l o ss exte
d dr in t rna
y pe e r l
r
riod estria
s. l pla
nts
 1
Epidermis
Dermal
Outermost Tissue
layer of cells
Composed
of a single lay
fat and tra er
nsparent cell
Cuboid cell
Have no in
trasellular ce
Have no ch ll
lorophyll

e ha i r like
m is an t s , hav
r s of p l
n of epide l t y pe a n d O2/
er e ntiatio u n d on al io n ( w ater
Dif m e s : fo n s p o rtat
h o for tr a e to
1.Tric e e a f, s h a p
ur al ange
struct a: pores in hat c a n c h
t om e l ls , t
2.S
f g u ard c o f w ater
airs o leas e
CO2) ha s a p a t a u r es , re
l o s ing.
s t o m u ct r c
cl o se the
n d - l ik e str o p e n ing o
open
or
o d e s : gla capable of
. H y dath t t at io n, in
3 b y gu
le ts
drop
 Dermal
Tissue

2
o f w oo dy plants
e r m ing the stem
ri d b le layer sur r o un d
ick , im pe r m e a
ist em a t ic tissue da m age and
th m er sica l
d fro m s e condary u r e ch a n g es, phy
rme
n ts fro m temperat
rotects pla a t er loss.
a n d w nt and
events gas w een a w o o dy p la
n g e b e t
a in t ain g as excha
m
enticels :
ere
e atmosph
 Storage
Synthetic aerenchim
found in tuber,
located in the It has air spaces
fruit, seed, etc
photosynthetic among its cells.
It stores starch in
leaf mesophyll Large cell and
potato or citric acid in
layer contain large
orange
vacuoles

Water
Parenchyma
Can storage the
water. Example:
cactus

The bulk of the tissues of the root, stem cortex and

leaf mesophyll layer.
Function:
healing and regeneration of damaged structures,
photosynthesis, respiration, storage,
secretion and movement of water and food

Parenchymatous tissue
 Collenchyma
found in some young stems.
deposition of cellulose and pectin
corner collenchyma: thickening
of cell wall occurs at corners
plaque collenchyma: thickening
occure
everywhere on the cell wall

Sclerenchyma
The main supporting tissue of woody
plants.
Thick cells, lignified, died protoplasm

Sclerenchyma fibre: long,tight and

sharp cell
Supportiv Sklereid: deathcell, hard cell wall.
es Tissue example: Cocos nucifera, Psidium guajava
 Vascular
Xylem: transport water and tissue
mineral from roots to the
leaves for photosynthesis

Tracheids : long, cylindrical,

prism-like cells stacked one on
top
of each other Phloem: transport result of
Vessels: elongated cells photosynthesis
stacked on top of each other Phloem has guard cell and
form vessels, tapis vessel
and their cell walls also
become thickened with lignin
deposits Floem cell types:
Parenchyma: long, 1.Sieve Tube Elements
cylindrical, prism-like cells 2.Companion Cells
stacked one on top 3.Parenchyma
of each other 4.Sclerenchyma
Sclerenchyma: consists of
elongated nonliving cells with
thick lignified walls and no
cytoplasm.
 Glandular
tissue
secretes some
Nectaries chemicals
A concentrated sugar
solution known as nectar.

Digestive Glands
Plants
living in nitrogen deficient
soils have an alternative
Lactiferous Tissues
strategy
contain a poisonous milky
for meeting their nitrogen
sap known as latex
requirements.
produced by specialized
latex cells.
 Oils Glandular
(
citru peanuts tissue
s ,
of g ) from a orange
land s
s an ccumul ,
d ela at
iopla ion
sts
Resin
from s (conifer
resin s)
cana
ls
Salt glands that shed
salt (especial in
plants adapted to
environments laden
with salt).
Hydathodes
(openings for
secretion of water)
PLANT BODY
ROOT
STEM
LEAF
FLOWER
FRUIT
SEED
 PLANT BODY
ROOT
Functions
- Anchors plant in soil
- Takes up water and
minerals from soil
Two types of root
- Fibrous root
- Tap root
STRUCTURE OF ROOT
DICOT ROOT

Vascular bundle :
Xylem in the center of phloem
MONOCOT ROOT

epidermi
s
endodermi
s
xylem

pericycle
foem

Pith

Vascular bundle arranged in a ring

 Component of root
Epidermis
consist of one layer cell without
space among the cells
modified became root hair for
extending absorbtion field
Cortex
consist of parenchyma cells
there are space among the cells
for food storage
 Component of root
Endodermis
Located between
cortex and stele
its cell wall become
thick by lignin and
suberin form
casparian strip
This thickening cause
water cant pass the
endodermiss
 Component of root
Stele
Consist of pericycle/perikambium,
vascular bundle (xylem and phloem)
and pith
- Pericycle make branch of root

- Pith consists primarily of

parenchyma
has a fungtion to store nutrition
 Component of root
One type of vascular
tissuexylemcarries
water and dissolved
nutrients from the roots
to the stem and the
leaves.
Two kinds of xylem cells
are tracheids and vessel
elements.
 Component of root
Another type of
vascular tissue
phloemcarries
dissolved sugars
throughout a plant.
Phloem is composed of
two types of cells
sieve-tube elements
and companion cells
 STEM
connects its roots to its leaves is the
stem.
Stems support branches and leaves,
and their vascular tissues transport
water, minerals, and food.
 STRUTURE OF STEM
Monocot stem
 STRUTURE OF STEM
Dicot stem
 Component of stem
Epidermis
consist of one layer cell without
space among the cells
some places on stem, epidermis
broken and fill with felogen. Its called
lentisel for gass excange and
transpiration
 Component of stem
Cortex
consist of :
parenchyma as basic tissue
collenchyma and sklerenchyma to
support stem to build up
young stem consist of many collenchyma
and chlorophyl
old stem collenchyma replaced with
sklerenchyma and there is no chlorophyl
 Component of stem
Endodermis
Endodermis unseen cause it become one
with cortex
Stele
Consist of pericycle/perikambium, vascular
bundle (xylem and phloem) and pith

In many stems the central part of the pith is

destroyed during growth, but the pith in
nodes will be retained.
Modified of Stem
 LEAF
Most leaves are the major site of
photosynthesis for the plant.
The top and bottom layers of a leaf
are made of epidermal tissue.
 STRUTURE OF LEAF
Dicot leaf
Component of Leaf

Epidermis
Most leaves have a small opening in
the epidermis called stomata.
When the stomata open, carbon
dioxide, oxygen, and water vapor can
pass through them
 Component of Leaf
Mesophil
Located between upper and lower
epidermis
Consist of
palisade --- there are many chloroplast
contain clorophyl
Spongy --- has thin wall and space for save
gass and gass excange
Vascular bundle
Continuity of root and stem
Composed of the
following parts
 The perianth
This sturucture have no function in the
production gametes. It protects the reproductive
organs and attracts pollinators.

Sepals
While a fower is developing within a bud, it is
fully surrounded and protected by a ring of small,
green leaf-like structure known as sepals. They are
collectively called the calyx.

Petals
Leaf-like structure and brightly colored. They
are collectively known as Corolla. It protects the
reproductive organs and produces a sugary solution
called nectar.
The male reproductive organs of the
fower.
Anther
Composed of four pollen sacs
containing pollen grains.
Filament
To raise the anther into air so that
its pollen can be dispresed by the wind
or insect.
 The female reproductive organ of flower:
Stigma
Specialized area located directly above the style and the
site of pollen reception and germination.
Style
Tube-like structutre connecting the ovary and the stigma.
Pollen tubes pass down through the style to the ovary
Ovary
Spherical structure at the base of the pistil, formed
by infolded leaves known as carpels.
Ovary position

Hypogynous
If the ovary is situated above the calyx and
no foral cup around it. The ovary is superior.
Perigynous
If the ovary is situated within a foral cup or
hypanthium. The ovary is superior.
Epigynous
If the ovary is situated below the calyx. The
ovary is inferior.
Floral Symmentry

Actinomorphic (Regular or radially

Symmetry)
The fower has many axes of symmetry.
Zygomorphic (irregular or bilaterally
simmetric)
The fower has only one line of symmetry.
Inforescence Types

Solitary : just one fower on Umbel : all the pedicels

the peduncle arise from one point at the
Spike : one unbranched axis top of the peduncle
and the fowers sessile (without Compound umbel :
pedicels) peduncles arise from point
Spikelet : like a spike, but with and each in turn bears a
the fowera and inforescence smaller umbel
subtended by specialized bracts. Head : many small fowers
borne on a common
receptable. May look like a
single fower.