Professional Documents
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MIS in Hospitality
MIS in Hospitality
An introduction
Introduction
A system can be most simply defined
as a group of interrelated or interacting
elements forming a unified whole.
A system can therefore be said to be a
group of interrelated components
working together toward a common
goal by accepting inputs and
producing outputs in an organized
transformation process.
A computer system is a collection
of three entities namely hardware,
software and liveware that work
together to receive, process, manage
and present information in a
meaningful format.
Computer Hardware
The Hardware refers to physical
and tangible components that make
up a computer system. They are
classified into four categories
namely input devices, CPU, output
devices and storage devices.
The Input Devices convert user input
which is human readable form to machine
language that the computer can process.
These can be classified according to the
methods that they use to enter data,
namely: keying devices such as
keyboards, keypads, touch screens etc;
pointing devices such as mouse, joystick,
light pens etc; scanning devices such as
scanners, barcode reader and other
technologies such as digital cameras,
voice inputs such as the microphones etc
The Central Processing Unit also known
as processor. Regarded as the brain of the
computer. The CPU consists of three
functional elements namely the Control
Unit, Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), and
Main Memory.
The CU coordinates all processing activities
in the CPU as well as input, storage and
output operations.
The ALU carries out the arithmetic and
logical operations which includes additions,
subtractions, multiplications and divisions.
The Main memory also referred to as
primary storage or working memory. It
is a memory that is directly accessible
by the processer. It is classified into
Read Only Memory (ROM) and Random
Access Memory (RAM).
The ROM stores programmed
instructions that remains unchanged for
long period of time. Can only be read
from. It cannot be written to. ROM chips
come from the manufacturer with
programs already burned in, or stored.
The RAM is used for short-term
storage of current data or program
instructions for running applications.
RAM is volatile. Its contents will be
lost when the computers electric
supply is disrupted by a power
outage or when the computer turned
off.
The Output Devices are devices
that a computer uses to give out
information produced after the
processing operations. They can be
Soft copy devices include monitors,
sound output devices, data
projectors while hard copy include
printers, plotters etc.
The Secondary Storage Devices
provide alternative long-term storage
for programs, data and information
and are not directly accessible by the
CPU. They can be classified
according to storage technology
whether optical, magnetic or solid
state.
Optical storage devices include
compact disks, Digital versatile disks,
optical cards, optical tapes etc
Solid state storage media (employs
integrated circuits) include flash
disks, memory sticks, hard disks etc
Considerations in Choosing
Computer Hardware
Understand technology requirements such as
microprocessor type and speed, compatibility
etc
Determine total cost of ownership: hardware,
software, installation, training, support,
maintenance, infrastructure
Planned capacity & scalability
Identify trends such as portability,
multimedia capability, wireless connectivity,
available ports and for monitors touch
screens, flat panel displays etc
Computer Software
For a computer to process data, it is
guided by a set of instructions known as
programs.
Programs is a set of instructions stored in
the computer to solve specific problems
Computer Software refers to a set of
programs that utilizes the hardware and
uses its capabilities to perform various
tasks.
Computer software is classified into
system software and application software.
System Software refers to a set of programs
specifically designed for performing tasks
such as controlling the computer hardware
and utilizing the resources to help the
application software solve specific problems.
Examples include Operating systems,
Utilities and Language translators
Operating systems are programs to control
the hardware and provide user interface. It is
essential for every computer. They help in
memory management, CPU management,
input/output management, file management
and providing user interface
Example of operating systems include
Mac OS, DOS, Windows, Unix, Linux,
Networking Operating System etc
Translators refers to set of programs that
translates high level languages (language of
users) to low level languages ( machine
language or language of bits) and vice versa.
These include interpreters and compilers.
Programming languages: There are many
languages and any can be used to develop
programs. Each language has its capabilities
and limitations. These include COBOL, Basic,
FORTRAN, C, C++, PASCAL, JAVA
Utility Software refers to special
programs that performs commonly used
services that make certain aspects of
computing go on smoothly. They help the
computer perform better . These include
antivirus, back up, disk repair, file
management, security and networking
programs.
Application software refers to
programs developed using one of the
languages to perform specific tasks.
They can either be ready made and
customized or tailor made.
Ready made application software are
programs developed by software
companies for general purpose
applications. These programs can be
bought and can be installed in the hard
disk of a computer. Eg Micros Fidelio,
Micros Opera, QuickBooks, Sage etc
Customized or Tailor made application
software are programs developed for
specific user requirement within the
organization. These programs are
developed by programmers as per the
user requirements.
Factors in selecting an
organizations software;
Cost
Authenticity
Appropriateness and Efficiency
Reliability and security
Compatibility
Support
User friendly
Portability (number of machines to be
installed)
Liveware this is an informal term
used to refer to human beings
required in the operation of any
computer system. These includes the
end-users and computer specialists
such as system analysts,
programmers etc
End users are people who use a
computer system or the information
it produces. They can be customers,
salespersons engineers, clerks,
accountants, or managers. People
who spend most of their time
System specialists are people
who develop and operate
computer systems.
They include systems analysts,
software developers, system
operators, and other managerial,
technical, and clerical computer
system personnel.
Types of Computers
Computers can be classified into
three
1. Classification based on their purpose
includes special-purpose computer and
general-purpose computer.
Special-Purpose Computer is a
computer designed for a particular
function, executing the same stored
set of instructions whenever
requested. For example
.microwave ovens
General-Purpose Computers are
computers that can be used for solving
many different types of problems.
Available in many sizes and a wide range
of capabilities.
Can be classified as follows:(physical size)
Microcomputers
Laptop computers
Desktop computers
Workstations
Minicomputers
Mainframe computers
Supercomputers
Microcomputers:
Sometimes referred to as a personal
computer (PC), is one that can be placed on
a desktop or carried from room to room.
The smallest microcomputers are known as
laptop computers or notebook computers.
Desktop computers are compact
microcomputer systems that fit on a desk
and are designed for use by individuals.
A workstation is the largest type of
microcomputer and is generally used in
scientific and engineering applications.
Minicomputers:
More powerful and more expensive than
microcomputers.
Are smaller and cheaper compared to
mainframes.
Also can be server, which is used for
managing internal company networks or
Web sites. Server computers are
specifically optimized to support a
computer network enabling users to
share files, software, peripheral devices
(such as printers), or other network
resources.
Mainframe Computers:
Are larger than minicomputers but
smaller than super computer, a
powerhouse with massive memory
and extremely rapid processing
power.
It is used for very large business,
scientific or military application
where a computer must handle
massive amounts of data or many
complicated processes
Supercomputers:
Is highly sophisticated and
powerful computer that is used for
tasks requiring extremely rapid
and complex calculations with
hundreds of thousands of variable
factors.
Used in many areas of scientific
research, weather prediction,
aircraft design, nuclear weapon
and so on.
Merits & Demerits of Computer
Systems
Storage: Large amounts of data can
be held on compact storage devices.
This allows organization's to cut down
on office space and allows for cleaner,
tidier working environment.
Efficiency: Increased processing
speeds allow tasks to be completed
more quickly by fewer people.
Computers, therefore, allow the
organization's to respond more quickly
to clients needs.
Quality of Information: Data held in
digital form can be interrogated quickly and
flexibly, ie, searching for a client in a
particular location is completed
instantaneously. This leads to better quality
information which improves the standard of
decision making by the organization.
Presentation: Computers allow
organizations to present information about
itself economically and in a visually
impressive manner. DTP can be used to
produce a newsletter with facts and figures.
Presentation software could be used to
make slide shows for meetings.
New Services: The processing power of
computers may enable an organization
to provide services that it previously
couldnt, ie, online processing of
transactions when previously the client
would have had to visit the premises.
Automation: once a program to
perform a particular task is stored in the
computer, the individual instructions in
the program are carried out one after
the other automatically to complete the
task.
Demerits
Capital investment: Setting up a computer-
based system costs money. There is the initial
investment of money on hardware and
software. Periodically, updates will be
necessary and maintenance of the system.
Limitations: Computer based systems are
limited by the capacity of hardware, quality of
software and the speed of communication
links. This requires significant ongoing capital
investment. Failure to keep up with
technological change can lead to restricting
the efficiency of the whole system.
Overdependence: Organizations
can become to dependent on
computer based systems.
Occasionally they will malfunction.
If the break down is critical,
business could be lost. A worst case
scenario is the organization going
bankrupt.
Lack of flexibility: External
changes can occur quickly.
Organizations must be able to
respond quickly. This can be
impeded by systems that take time
Staffing difficulties: Introducing
new ICT systems often means the
retraining of staff. In some cases,
specialist staff - who may be costly
and in short supply - will need to be
employed. In some instances, jobs
will be lost. This is a cost saving for
the organization but not good news
for the individual who looses the job.
Computer
Networking,
Telecommunications
& E-Commerce
Computer Networking
Computer Networking
A computer network consists of 2 or
more computers connected together, and
they can communicate and share
resources (e.g. information)
The computers can be geographically
located anywhere. The generic term
node or client refers to any device on a
network while the server is the host.
The network can either be Client/server
or Peer to Peer connections.
Applications of Computer Networks:
Resource Sharing: Computer networks
can help share hardware (computing
resources, disks, printers) and Software
(application software)
Information Sharing: It helps in easy
accessibility from anywhere files and
databases and search Capability
Communication: this could be through
Emails or Message broadcast
Remote computing: that is logging in in one
computer and working from another in the
network
Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Distributed processing (GRID
Computing): this includes
Shared files and other resources
among physically separated
systems on networks such as NFS,
remote printing, etc.
Integrated computations across
network such as Central Hotels
Reservations, Airline reservations,
ATMs, etc.
Networking Components: these
include,
Networking Media: this simply as the
means by which signals (data) are
sent from one computer to another
(either by cable or wireless means).
Interconnecting Devices: these
include Hubs, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points, Modems etc.
Computers: these includes servers
and client computers.
Networking Software: Systems software
that controls the computer systems and
devices on a network and allows them
to communicate with each other.
Applications: these include
E-mail
Searchable Data (Web Sites)
E-Commerce
News Groups
Internet Telephony (VoIP)
Video Conferencing
Chat Groups
Instant Messengers
Types of networks:
Local-area network (LAN): A
network that connects a relatively small
number of machines in a relatively
close geographical area. It is mainly
contained in one office or building.
Various configurations, called
topologies, have been used to
administer LANs;
Ring topology: A configuration that
connects all nodes in a closed loop on
which messages travel in one direction
Star topology : A configuration that
centers around one node to which all
others are connected and through
which all messages are sent
Bus topology: All nodes are connected
to a single communication line that
carries messages in both directions
Metropolitan-area network (MAN):
The communication infrastructures that
have been developed in and around
large cities
Wide-area network (WAN): A
network that connects two or more
local-area networks over a potentially
large geographic distance, using
different topologies such as telephone
lines, fiber optic cabling, satellite
transmissions and microwave
transmissions.
Often one particular node on a LAN is
set up to serve as a gateway to handle
all communication going between that
LAN and other networks
Internetworking:
An Internetwork is the connection
of two or more distinct computer
networks or network segments via
a common routing technology.
Communication between networks
is called internetworking. The
Internet, as we know it today, is
essentially the ultimate wide-area
network, spanning the entire globe.
Intranet:
An intranet is a set of networks, using the
Internet Protocol (IP) and IP-based tools
such as web browsers and file transfer
applications, that is under the control of a
single administrative entity. Most
commonly, an intranet is the internal
network of an organization
Extranet:
An extranet is a network or internetwork
that is limited in scope to a single
organization or entity but which also has
limited connections to the networks of one
or more other usually, but not necessarily,
trusted organizations or entities.
Extranet allows select users
outside organization to use its
intranet who may include
customers, business partners and
vendors.
Internet:
The Internet consists of a
worldwide interconnection of
governmental, academic, public,
and private networks based upon
the networking technologies of the
Internet Protocol Suite.
It is a world-wide network connecting
millions of computer networks for the
purpose of exchanging data and
communications using special rules of
communication.
Major Internet Service:
E-Mail: Person -to-person messaging; document
sharing
Usernet Newsgroups: Electronic bulletin boards
for discussion groups
Listservs: e-mail list servers for discussion
groups
Chatting: and Instant Messenges: Interactive
conversations
Telnet: Log on one computer, work on another
FTP: Transfer files from computer to computer
Gophers: Use menus to locate text material
World Wide Web: Text, audio, graphics, video
VioP and VPNs
Telecommunications
Telecommunications is the exchange of
information in any form (voice, data, images,
audio, video) over computer-based networks.
The explosive growth of the Internet and the
World Wide Web has spawned a host of new
telecommunications products, services, and
providers.
Web browser suites, HTML Web page editors,
Internet and intranet servers and network
management software, TCP/IP Internet
network products, and network security fire
walls are just a few examples.
Telecommunications is also being
revolutionized by the rapid change from
analog to digital network technologies.
These provides (1) significantly higher
transmission speeds, (2) the movement
of larger amounts of information, (3)
greater economy, and (4) much lower
error rates than analog systems.
In addition, digital technologies allow
telecommunications networks to carry
multiple types of communications (data,
voice, video) on the same circuits.
Another major trend in
telecommunications technology is a
change from reliance on copper
wire-based media and land-based
microwave relay systems to fiber-
optic lines, cellular, communications
satellite, and other wireless
technologies.
These changes in
telecommunications industries and
technologies just mentioned are
causing a significant change in the
Thus, telecommunications networks are now
playing vital and pervasive roles in electronic
commerce, enterprise collaboration, and
other e-business applications that support
the operations, management, and strategic
objectives of both large and small business
enterprises.
An organization's local and global computer
networks can dramatically cut costs, shorten
business lead times and response times,
support electronic commerce, improve the
collaboration of workgroups, develop online
operational processes, share resources, lock
in customers and suppliers, and develop new
products and services.
Telecommunications Networks:
A communication network is any
arrangement where a sender
transmits a message to a receiver
over a channel consisting of some
type of medium. A simple model of
a telecommunications network,
consists of five basic categories of
components; Terminals,
Telecommunication Processors,
Telecommunication channels or media,
Computers, and Telecommunications
Control Software
Terminals these refers to input/output
devices, including telephones and the
various computer terminals.
Telecommunication Processors these
support data transmission and reception
between terminals and computers. They
are devices, such as modems, hubs,
switches, and routers, performing a
variety of control and support functions in
a telecommunications network.
Telecommunications channels over which
data are transmitted and received.
Telecommunications channels may use
combinations of media, such as twisted
copper wires, coaxial cables, or fiber-optic
cables, or use wireless systems like
microwave, communications satellite, radio,
and cellular systems to inter-connect the
other components of a telecommunications
network.
Twisted-pair wires these are insulated
pairs of copper wires historically used in
telephone service and to connect computer
devices.
Coaxial cables consists of an inner
conductor wire surrounded by insulation,
called the dielectric. The dielectric is
surrounded by a conductive shield, which
is surrounded by a non-conductive jacket.
Coaxial cable has better data transmission
rate than twisted pair.
Fiber-optic Cable consists of many
extremely thin strands of glass or plastic
bound together in a sheathing which
transmits signals with light beams. Can be
used for voice, data, and video. Very high
capacity, low noise, small size, less
suitable to natural disturbances
Wireless Technologies:
Broadcast Radio distribute signals
through the air over long distance, uses an
antenna and function even though line of
sight is interrupted.
Cellular Radio it is a form of broadcast
radio used for mobile communication
which uses high frequency radio waves to
transmit voice or data
Microwaves involves radio waves
providing high speed transmission . Must
be in the light of sight (cant be obstructed)
and used for satellite communication.
Infrared transmission involves
sending signals through the air via light
waves, requires line-of-sight and short
distances (a few hundred yards).
Commonly used for remote controls and
often used to connect keyboards, mouse
and printers
Computers of all sizes and types
are interconnected by
telecommunications networks so that
they can carry out their information
processing assignments.
Telecommunications control
software consists of programs that
control telecommunications activities
and manage the functions of
telecommunications networks.
Examples include network
management programs of all kinds,
such as telecommunications monitors
for mainframe host computers,
network operating systems for
network servers, and web browsers for
microcomputers.
E-Business & E-commerce
E-business involves
Digital enablement of transactions
and processes within a firm,
involving information systems
under the control of the firm
E-business does not involve
commercial transactions across
organizational boundaries where
value is exchanged
E-commerce involves
Digitally enabled commercial
transactions between organizations
and individuals.
Digitally enabled transactions include
all transactions mediated by digital
technology
Commercial transactions involve the
exchange of value across
organizational or individual boundaries
in return for products or services
E-Commerce allows businesses to be
more effective and efficient in
responds to customers needs and
wants as well as in conducting
transactions with suppliers and
within the company itself. It has
changed the way that business is
being conducted.
The meaning of E-Commerce is not
one simple definition it can mean
many things to different people.
One basic definition is a system of
conducting business activities using the
Internet and other information
technologies.
It involves
Buying and selling online or through the net
Customer service using the Internet
Marketing and advertising through the Internet
Putting up a website for product and service
information, together with an email address for
customers to email in orders.
Creating a website that can accept credit card
information to sell online directly to consumers.
Types of E-Commerce
B2B- between businesses
B2C- between business and
consumer
C2C- between two or more
individuals
C2B- consumer initiated
interactions and transactions.
Online Presence: for many companies,
the first step in conducting buying and
selling activities and online advertising is
to create a web site. However, beyond
simply creating a web site, marketers
must design an attractive site.
Considerations should be given to;
The sites layout and design
Contents which include text, pictures, sounds
and videos that the web site contains
Ease of user to user communications
The sites capability to enable commercial
transactions among others
Strategic Uses of
Information Technology
IT & Competitive
Advantage
IT & Competitive Advantage
The Relationship
Introduction