The Levels of Communication

The Levels of
Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner
To Communicate . . .
The Latin verb communicare means to

make common to many, share, impart,
divide.
Simply stated . . .
When you communicate you share, or
make common, your knowledge and
ideas with someone else.
Communication, then, is the sharing of
meaning by
sending
and receiving
symbolic cues.
Charles Ogen & I. A. Richards
Triangle of Meaning
The interpreter
The person who is communicating, with words
or symbols
The symbol
Anything to which people attach or assign a
meaning
The referent
The object or idea for which the symbol stands
The Triangle of Meaning
Interpreter
(Speaker or Listener)
Symbol Referent
Five Levels of Public Speaking:
1) intrapersonal
Intrapersonal Communication
Thetype of communication a person

has with himself, thus the prefix intra-
which means within.
Assoon as a human being awakens, he

begins an internal thought process and
dialogue, almost always silent, but
sometimes aloud.
2) interpersonal
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal
communication takes
place between two people.
Thistype of communication varies

depending on the relationship between
the two individuals.
3) group
Group Communication
Group communication occurs when

three or more individuals, who have a
common goal, interact either formally or
informally.
4) public
Public Communication
Public communication takes place when

one or more individuals communicate
with a large group in a more one-
directional approach.
5) mass communication
Mass Communication
Mass communication occurs when

extremely large groups receive
information, like a television audience
watching a news broadcast, as well as
the intermittent commercial advertising.
1) intrapersonal
2) interpersonal
3) group
4) public
5) mass communication
Linear Model of Communication
The speakerthe sender, the encoder,

or source of the message.
The
Speaker
Encodingthe process of putting ideas

into symbols to carry a message.
The Speech
Text
The
Speaker
Messageideas communicated
verbally and nonverbally.
The Message
The
Speaker
A speaker sends a message to a listener.
Listenerthe receiver or decoder of

the message
The Message
The
Speaker
Decodingthe process of attaching

meanings to symbols received.
Decoding
The Message
The
Speaker
The speakerthe sender, the encoder, or

source of the message.
Encodingthe process of putting ideas into
symbols to carry a message.
Messageideas communicated verbally and
nonverbally.
Listenerthe receiver or decoder of the
message
Decodingthe process of attaching meanings
to symbols received.
The The Message The

Speaker Listener
Problems with Linear Model
of Communication
#1The assumption that a person is
either the sender or a receiver of
messages.
Actually, we perform both of these roles
simultaneously.
Problems with Linear Model
of Communication
#2The suggestion that
communication involves only one
message.
Actually, there are as many messages
as there are communicators involved,
and the message the sender intends is
never identical to the one received.
Interactive Model of Communication
When scholars began to see the

limitations of the linear model of
communication, they added other
components to the speaker, message,
and listener making a total of 7
components:
channel, feedback, environment, and
noise
Channelthe medium, or the way the

message is sent.
Feedbackincludes all messages,

verbal and nonverbal, sent by listeners
to speakers.
Environmentthe physical setting and

the occasion for communication.
Noiseanything that distracts from

effective communication; some form of
noise is always present.
Channelthe medium, or the way the

message is sent.
Feedbackincludes all messages, verbal
and nonverbal, sent by listeners to speakers.
Environmentthe physical setting and the
occasion for communication.
Noiseanything that distracts from effective
communication; some form of noise is always
present.
Noise
Physical noisedistractions
originating in the communication
environment.
Noise
Physiological noisedistractions
originating in the bodies of
communicatorscold, headache,
hunger, fatigue.
Noise
Psychological noisedistractions
originating in the thoughts of
communicatorsanxiety, daydreaming,
worry.
Noise
Physical noisedistractions originating in

the communication environment.
Physiological noisedistractions originating
in the bodies of communicatorscold,
headache, hunger, fatigue.
Psychological noisedistractions
originating in the thoughts of communicators
anxiety, daydreaming, worry.
CHANNEL
Message
SPEAKER LISTENER
Environment
Environment
Decoder
Encoder
Noise
No
oise is e
N
Decoder Encoder
Feedback
Interactive Model of
CHANNEL Communication
The Levels of
Communication
Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

by George L. Grice and John F. Skinner

The Levels of Communication

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The Levels of Communication

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The Levels of

Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

The Latin verb communicare means to

Thetype of communication a person

Assoon as a human being awakens, he

Thistype of communication varies

Group communication occurs when

Public communication takes place when

Mass communication occurs when

The speakerthe sender, the encoder,

Encodingthe process of putting ideas

Listenerthe receiver or decoder of

Decodingthe process of attaching

The speakerthe sender, the encoder, or

The The Message The

When scholars began to see the

Channelthe medium, or the way the

Feedbackincludes all messages,

Environmentthe physical setting and

Noiseanything that distracts from

Channelthe medium, or the way the

Physical noisedistractions originating in

Adapted from Mastering Public Speaking,

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