Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MC TIU MN HC
Hiu cc khi nim c bn v u t quc t
Nm c cc quy nh qun l v cc th
tc lin quan n hot ng u t trc
tip t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam;
Hiu cc nguyn nhn v cch thc m cc cng ty u
t trc tip nc ngoi;
Tip cn cc cng c v hot ng xc tin u t;
Chi ph vn cho u t nc ngoi cng nh
quyt nh v ngn sch vn cho FDI ca cc
Cng ty a quc gia (MNCs).
2. TI LIU:
2.1. Ti liu chnh :
Gio trnh slide do ging vin bin son
V Thanh Thu, L Quang Huy (2014). Ti liu hc tp hc phn
u t quc t. HUTECH
2.2. Ti liu tham kho:
GS.TS V Thanh Thu, TS. Ng Th Ngc Huyn (10/2008), K
thut u t trc tip nc ngoi, Nh xut bn Thng k.
Alan C.Shapiro, Foundations of multinational financial
management, Third Edition, 1998
Belverd E.Needles Marian Powers, Susan V.Crosson, Principles of
accounting, Cengage Learning, 2010
Physica Verlag (2006), The impact of FDI on economics growth,
A Springer Company
3. KT CU CC CHNG MN HC
Chng 1: Nhng vn chung ca u t quc t
Chng 2: L thuyt v hiu qu v u t trc tip
nc ngoi (TTNN)
Chng 3: Cc quy nh qun l lin quan n u t
nc ngoi trc tip vo Vit Nam
Chng 4: Quy trnh t chc thc hin u t nc ngoi
Chng 5: Xc tin u t nc ngoi
Chng 6: Chin lc cc cng ty a quc gia v u t
trc tip nc ngoi
Chng 7: Chi ph vn cho u t trc tip nc ngoi
Chng 8: Quyt nh ngn sch vn cho u t TTNN
4. PHNG PHP GING DY
Sinh vin l trung tm, sinh vin t hc l ch yu
Gi nh v s a dng ha.
L thuyt a im (Location)
Mua bn v sp nhp.
FDI cn tr thng mi
FDI h tr thng mi to ra nhu cu nhp khu mi
hay sn xut hng xut khu. l nhng hot ng
m nc u t khng c li th so snh v nc ch
nh c li th so snh. Thng mi gia hai nc
c tng cng, c cu cng nghip gia 02 nc
u dch chuyn theo cc lnh vc c li th so snh
v phc li c 02 nc u tng.
V d: FDI ca Nht Bn
FDI cn tr thng mi l vic u t vo nhng lnh
vc nc i u t c li th so snh hay c quyn lc
c quyn nhm. Nc u t ra nc ngoi nhm
phc v trc tip th trng nc ngoi thay cho xut
khu. Nh vy, thng mi suy gim, c cu cng
nghip dch chuyn theo hng ngc vi li th so
snh nn phc li gim.
V d: FDI ca Hoa K
2.2 Nhng hiu qu ca hot ng u t trc
tip nc ngoi:
L hiu qu ng trn phng din kinh t, x hi,
chnh tr nc nhn u t
2.2.1. Hiu qu ca s cung cp vn:
* FDI gp phn lp y khong cch gia u t v
tit kim cc nc nhn u t nh:
Nhiu hot ng thu ht cc dng vn h tr pht
trin chnh thc ODA t cc nc u t
Gia tng quy m vn u t khi cc MNCs u t
nc ngoi trc tip vo nhng d n c th v li
ko cc MNCs khc tham gia u t
Cng vi nhng chnh sch thu ht u t nc
s ti, to iu kin cho cc d n FDI huy ng
vn t tit kim ni a.
FDI c tc ng tch cc i vi cn cn thanh
ton (BOP) ca nc nhn u t th hin r
trong ngn hn.
2.2.2 Hiu qu ca FDI trn sn lng u ra v s
tng trng:
i vi FDI i vo:
b. S b h s:
Gm 08 b, trong c 01 b h s gc
Chuyn vin tip nhn kim tra tnh hp l ca h s
4.3.2 iu chnh giy chng nhn u t ra nc
ngoi:
4.3.2.1. i vi d n thuc din ng k u t:
a. H s iu chnh:
Vn bn ng k iu chnh giy chng nhn u t
Hp ng chuyn nhng vn u t v h s php
l ca i tc mi tham gia ca d n u t
Bn sao cng chng Giy chng nhn u t
Vn bn ng ca Hi ng thnh vin hoc Hi
ng qun tr hoc Hi ng c ng, Hp tc x
trong trng hp cn thit theo lut nh
Bo co tnh hnh hot ng ca d n u t cho
n thi im nh u t c vn bn ngh iu
chnh Giy chng nhn u t
b. S b h s:
Gm 03 b, trong c 01 b h s gc
Chuyn vin tip nhn kim tra tnh hp l ca h
s
4.3.2.2. i vi d n thuc din thm tra:
a. H s iu chnh:
Vn bn ng k iu chnh giy chng nhn u t
Hp ng chuyn nhng vn u t v h s php
l ca i tc mi tham gia ca d n u t
Bn sao cng chng Giy chng nhn u t
Vn bn ng ca Hi ng thnh vin hoc Hi
ng qun tr hoc Hi ng c ng, Hp tc x
trong trng hp cn thit theo lut nh
Bo co tnh hnh hot ng ca d n u t cho
n thi im nh u t c vn bn ngh iu
chnh Giy chng nhn u t
b. S b h s:
Gm 06 b, trong c 01 b h s gc
Chuyn vin tip nhn kim tra tnh hp l ca h
s
4.3.3 Trao giy chng nhn u t:
Sau khi d n c cp giy chng nhn u t, vn
phng Cc u t nc ngoi s:
Thng bo cho nh u t
Hng dn th tc nh u t nhn Giy chng
nhn u t
4.4. Th tc xin cp giy chng nhn u t trc
tip nc ngoi i vo ca mt s nc:
4.4.1. Th tc xin cp giy chng nhn u t trc
tip nc ngoi i vo Lo:
C quan nhn h s lm th tc cp php u t
Trung ng l Cc u t nc ngoi, B K hoch
v u t. a phng l S K hoch & u t
tnh, thnh ph. Ti cc c quan ny thnh lp B
phn dch v mt ca thu nhn h s ca nh u
t.
a. B h s gm cc loi giy t sau y:
n xin u t (theo mu ti ni nhn h s)
Lun chng kh thi u t hoc K hoch kinh
doanh
Tha thun lin doanh (nu c)
D tho iu l cng ty s c thnh lp ti Lo
Ti liu c cng chng v t cch php nhn v tnh
hnh ti chnh trong 03 nm gn nht, giy xc nhn
ca ngn hng, Th gii thiu, y quyn (nu c)
Cc giy t khc nh: Bn sao c cng chng H
chiu, l lch nh u t, nh 3x4
b. Thi gian v th tc cp giy php u t ty theo
tnh cht tng d n:
D n khuyn khch u t:
Thi gian xem xt l 15 ngy lm vic
c chia lm 3 bc
Cc bc th tc ch lin quan n cc n v ca B K
hoch v u t Lo
D n khuyn khch u t:
Thi gian xem xt l 25 ngy lm vic
c chia lm 4 bc
Cc bc th tc ch lin quan n cc n v
ca B K hoch v u t Lo cng nh B An
ninh, cc tnh v b khc
D n u t c tha thun chuyn nhng
quyn khai thc ti nguyn ca chnh ph
Thi gian xem xt l 25 ngy lm vic
c chia lm 4 bc
Cc bc th tc ch lin quan n cc n v
ca B K hoch v u t Lo cng nh B An
ninh, cc tnh v b khc
Sau khi c chnh ph chp thun, i din Chnh
ph v nh u t phi thng tho cc khon
chuyn nhng ty theo tng loi d n nh: khai
thc m, thy in, thu t
Sau khi c cp php u t hoc k kt chuyn
nhng vi Chnh ph, nh u t phi thc hin
cc ng k nh ng k doanh nghip, ng k
thu v cc giy php khc nh khc du, giy php
hot ng.
4.4.2. Th tc xin cp giy chng nhn u t trc
tip nc ngoi i vo Campuchia:
Th tc xin cp giy php u t i vi nhng
d n u t ngoi khu kinh t
-Tt c cc nh u t mun u t ngoi khu kinh t
Campuchia phi c Hi ng pht trin
Campuchia (CDC) hoc Phng u t cp tnh
(PMIS) chp thun.
-H s xin php u t hp l phi do nh u t khai
v k hoc bi ban i din ca nh u t c y
quyn v a cho CDC/PMIS xem xt.
H s c bn bao gm:
1.n ng k u t (theo mu CDC)
2.Danh sch k khai nhng thit b cn thit sn
xut (theo mu CDC)
3.Danh sch k khai nhng u vo cn thit cho sn
xut
4.Chng t np ph xin cp php (Chi ph: 7.000.000
Riels)
Thi gian cp php:
Trong khon 59 ngy k t ngy nhn h s hp l
Nu c chp thun nh u t s c cp giy
php ng k u t cui cng
CDC/PMIS s chu trch nhim lm vic vi tt c
cc B, S, ngnh lin quan n vic cp php u
t
Th tc xin cp php u t nc ngoi vo khu
kinh t
Nh u t chun b cc h s nh trn np vo
Ban qun l khu kinh t nh u t
4.5. Th tc u t gin tip nc ngoi ti Vit
Nam:
a. Th tc ng k u t chng khon cho nh
u t c nhn nc ngoi ti Vit Nam:
Nh u t c nhn hay nc ngoi khi thc hin
giao dch trn sn giao dch chng khon Vit Nam
u phi ti khon giao dch chng khon mt cng
ty chng khon i din c quy nh.
H s m ti khon giao dch chng khon cho nh
u t nc ngoi ln u giao dch ti Vit Nam:
Giy ngh cp m s giao dch chng khon: 01
bn (theo mu ca cng ty chng khon)
Hp ng m ti khon giao dch chng khon
dnh cho nh u t c nhn nc ngoi: 02 bn
H chiu: 1 bn sao y (c hp php ha lnh s)
Vn bn y quyn cho thnh vin lu (Cng ty
chng khon): 01 bn
Vn bn ch nh/y quyn ca nh u t nc
ngoi cho i din giao dch (nu c): 01 bn
Phiu thng tin v i din ca nh u t nc
ngoi (nu c): 01 bn
Ph lc hp ng giao dch trc tuyn/ email/ in
thoi (nu c): 01 bn
Ngoi ra khch hng phi c m s ti khon vn
chuyn tin vo v gi tin ra khi Vit Nam
b. Th tc ng k u t chng khon cho nh
u t t chc nc ngoi ti Vit Nam:
H s m ti khon giao dch chng khon cho nh
u t t chc nc ngoi ln u giao dch ti Vit
Nam bao gm:
Bn sao hp l Giy php thnh lp v hot ng
hay giy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh/ Giy chng
nhn thnh lp Qu (i vi Qu u t) (c chng
thc t php)
iu l Qu (nu l Qu u t): 01 bn sao y (c
chng thc t php)
Giy ngh cp m s giao dch chng khon: 01
bn (theo mu ca cng ty chng khon)
Vn bn y quyn cho thnh vin lu (Cng ty
chng khon): 01 bn
Vn bn ch nh ngi i din giao dch (nu c):
01 bn
Phiu thng tin v ngi i din giao dch (nu
c): 01 bn
Ph lc hp ng giao dch trc tuyn/ email/ in
thoi (nu c): 01 bn
Bn sao hp l CMND/ h chiu cn hiu lc ca
ngi i din (c hp php lnh s): 01 bn
Ngoi ra khch hng phi c m s ti khon vn
chuyn tin vo v gi tin ra khi Vit Nam
Mc tiu ca chng V
Gii thiu vn c bn v xc tin u t
nc ngoi
Hng dn k thut, k nng xc tin u
t nc ngoi c s dng bi nhng
ngi lm trong b phn xc tin u t ca
DN hay cc phng ban xc tin u t
thuc tnh/ S ngoi v/ S K hoch &
u t/ Ban qun l Khu Cng nghip, Khu
Ch xut
5.1. Khi nim v xc tin u t nc ngoi:
Xc tin u t nc ngoi l vic bao gm cc
hot ng marketing m chnh ph/ t chc c
gng thu ht vn u t nc ngoi
Xc tin u t loi tr cc nhim v sau:
Vic ti tr cc khuyn khch cho nh u t
Bo h cc nh u t nc ngoi
Thng tho vi cc nh u t nc ngoi
*Lu : cc t chc xc tin u t cng i khi
thc hin cc nhim v trn
Xc tin u t bao gm nhng hot ng sau:
Qung co, gi th trc tuyn, hi tho u t,
cam kt u t
Tham gia vo cc trin lm thng mi v u t
Cc n lc tip th trc tip, cung cp cc ti liu
gii thiu c hi u t
Chun b bc u cho vic tip xc cc nh u
t tim nng
Lin kt cc nh u t tim nng vi cc a
phng
Yu cu s cho php v chp thun t nhng ban
ngnh khc ca chnh ph
Chun b nhng xut v d n
Thc hin nhng nghin cu trong kh nng v
cung cp cc dch v cho nh u t sau khi d n
bt u a vo hot ng.
5.2. Phn loi k thut xc tin u t nc
ngoi:
Cc k thut xc tin u t khc nhau s ty
thuc vo 3 mc tiu khc nhau sau y:
Ci thin hnh nh quc gia i vi cng ng
u t nh l mt a im u t hp dn (nhng
hot ng xy dng hnh nh)
La chn mc tiu v vn ng u t trc tip
(nhng hot ng vn ng u t)
Cung cp dch v i vi nhng nh u t tim
nng v hin ti (nhng hot ng dch v u t)
5.2.1. K thut xy dng hnh nh:
a. Mc tiu xy dng hnh nh (image building
activitives):
l nhm thay i hay ci thin hnh nh ca quc
gia nh l mt im n hp dn i vi cc nh
u t
b. Cc cng c ca k thut xy dng hnh nh:
Qung co trn cc phng tin thng tin ti chnh
Tham gia vo cc trin lm u t
Qung co trong ngnh cng nghip hay truyn
thng c th v lnh vc thu ht
Thc hin cc cam kt u t gia cc nc u t
v nc nhn u t v ngc li c nh gi l
hiu qu nht bi tc ng lan truyn trong thu ht
u t
Thc hin cc bui hi tho thng tin chung v c
hi u t
5.2.2. K thut vn ng u t:
a. Mc tiu:
Cng c mi quan tm ca nh u t c c trong
giai on xy dng hnh nh
Pht hin nhu cu ca nh u t v chng minh nhu
cu s c tha mn ti quc gia/ a phng mnh
Tc ng tch cc ti qu trnh quyt nh u t bng
vic thng tin c cht lng v dch v mang tnh chuyn
nghip
Duy tr tho lun vi nh u t tim nng cp c
nhn ra quyt nh v/ hoc cp qun l
Lin tc vn ng cc nh u t mi lun c d n
b. Cc cng c vn ng u t:
T chc hoc tham gia trin lm ch ng tm
kim nh u t tim nng
T chc cc on vn ng u t t nc u t
sang nc tip nhn u t v ngc li
T chc hi tho gii thiu cc c hi u t ti
cc th trng trng im
Marketing trc tip qua th v cc cng c thng
tin in t
Tip xc v vn ng trc tip cc nh u t
mc tiu
5.2.3. K thut h tr, cung cp dch v cho nh
u t:
a. Mc tiu
m bo cc hot ng u t c hon thnh
Lm cho nh u t hi lng
Tng hnh nh tt p ca t nc/ a phng
i vi nh u t
Mt trong nhng cng c xc tin u t hiu
qu nht
To ra nhng c hi ti u t
b. Cc cng c dch v h tr nh u t:
Cung cp dch v t vn u t
H tr y nhanh qu trnh chp nhn ch trng
v cp php u t
Cung cp nhng dch v sau khi nh u t c
cp php hot ng
Vic cung cp dch v h tr nh u t nn tp
trung vo cc vn sau gia tng gi tr thu ht
nh u t:
Nhng vn v quyn s hu ti sn nh u t
Nhng vn lin quan n tuyn dng lao ng
kha cnh php l
Mc sn c ca lc lng lao ng c tay
ngh
Vn h tr k thut, nghin cu pht trin,
mt bng chung trnh khoa hc cng ngh ca
ni tip nhn u t
Vn logistics, cc u mi vn ti
Cc vn cho php thm nhp, hot ng trong
lnh vc kinh doanh
Quy nh nh gi tc ng mi trng
Vn nh
Trng hc cho tr em
T vn cho nh u t hng cc chnh sch u
i
Khu vui chi, gii tr, trung tm mua sm, nh
hng, an ninh, th thao, hot ng vn ha
5.3. Cc c quan xc tin u t:
C quan xc tin u t (IPA) l mt trong nhng
hng tip cn quan trng v ph bin nht thu ht
cc nh u t nc ngoi.
IPA l mt t chc chuyn mn, l ni tp trung
nhng n lc ca mt quc gia trong xc tin u t.
IPA thng thc hin nhng nhim v xy dng chin
lc, chng trnh v tin hnh hu ht cc hot ng
xc tin u t cho quc gia
mi quc gia/ a phng la chn mt hnh thc t
chc IPA ph hp vi iu kin ca mnh
Trn thc t c 3 loi t chc xc tin u t:
Cc t chc xc tin u t thuc chnh ph
Cc t chc xc tin u t mang dng dp ging nh
trc thuc chnh ph (Quasi government
Organisation for investment promotion)
Cc t chc xc tin u t t nhn
Bng 5.1. Phn loi t chc xc tin u t mt s
nc trn th gii nm 2000 (Louis T.Wells, Jr.Alvin
G.Wint (2000), Marketing a country Promotion as a
tool for attracting foreign investment, International
Finance, Corporation, World Bank)
Locality Promotion agency Type of
organization
Britain Invest in Britain Bureau Government
Canada Investment Canada Government
Costa Rica Costa Rica Investment Private
Promotion Program
Indonesia Investment Coordinating Government
Board
Ireland Industrial Development Quasi-Government
Authority
Jamaica Jamaica National Quasi-Government
Investment Promotion
Malaysia Malaysia Industrial Quasi-Government
Development Authority
Scotland Locate in Scotland Quasi-Government
Singapore Economic Development Quasi-Government
5.3.1. Cc t chc xc tin u t thuc chnh ph:
Cc t chc bao gm:
Cc phng ban trc thuc b ngnh
Cc c quan xc tin bo co cho b ngnh
V d: Vit Nam, Cc u t nc ngoi trc thuc
B K hoch v u t
Cc c quan xc tin c t chc thuc vn phng
ca th tng hoc tng thng
V d: Thi Lan c Hi ng u t, Indonesia c Hi
ng phi hp u t
5.3.2. Cc t chc xc tin u t mang dng dp
ging nh trc thuc chnh ph:
i vi mt s quc gia th hot ng xc tin c
xem l mt chc nng ring bit ch khng phi l
thnh phn ph ca cc hot ng qun l nh nc
v u t v:
Cc hot ng Marketing:
Yu cu c mi lin h lin tc vi khu vc t nhn
Phn hi nhanh chng i vi nhu cu ca nh u t
iu chnh thay i nhanh chng theo iu kin mi
ca mi trng
Nhng k nng qun l khc bit nh nhn s,
php lut
Cc t chc ny hot ng theo c ch t cn i
ti chnh, bn cnh mt phn ngn sch t pha
nh nc.
V d: Trung tm xc tin thng mi v u t
TP.H Ch Minh (ITPC)
5.3.3. Cc t chc xc tin u t t nhn:
Cc t chc ny khng thuc bt k phng ban,
ngnh no ca chnh ph
Khng thuc dng ph bin trn th gii
Gp khng t kh khn trong qu trnh hot ng
V d: T chc xc tin u t CINDE ca Costa
Rica
5.4. Khung xc tin u t:
Khung xc tin u t bao gm 6 thnh phn chnh:
Strategy: Lp chin lc xc tin
Organization: Lp c cu t chc xc tin
Marketing: Tip th n nh u t
Investor targeting: tip cn nh u t mc tiu
Investment facilitates: To iu kin u t
After care and policy advocacy: Cung cp cc h tr
v chnh sch, hot ng sau khi u t hon thnh
nh to ra cc u t mi, m rng d n u t.
5.5 Tip cn nh u t mc tiu v vn ng
u t:
5.5.1. Cc yu t nhm n ca nh u t mc
tiu v vn ng
Nhng hot ng y thch thc v phc tp nht
ca c quan xc tin u t l vic nhm n nh
u t mc tiu v vic to ra s dn u.
lm tt vn ny, th c quan xc tin cn
tr li cc ni dung sau:
Nh u t mc tiu l g? (thng qua phn tch
li th cnh tranh ca quc gia/ a phng)
Lm th no xc nh cng ty mc tiu
Xy dng mt c s d liu cho nh u t mc tiu
S dng mng li xc nh cho nh u t mc
tiu
S dng mng li xc nh nh u t tim
nng
Lm th no lp danh sch cc cng ty mc tiu:
Mc kim tra
Cc cng ty u tin v nhn dng ngi lin h c
th ra quyt nh trong cng ty
Lm th no lin h c nhng nh u t
tim nng
Gi th trc tip v qua in thoi
Cc s kin v trin lm bn ngoi
Cc cam kt cho cc nh u t vo
Chin lc ca nhng nh mi gii
Lm sao qun l cc mi quan h - h thng
qun tr quan h khch hng v k thut xy dng
mi quan h
S dng hi ngoi thu ht nh u t vo
5.5.2. Nhn dng nh u t mc tiu:
C 02 cch tip cn chnh mt c quan xc tin u
t c th s dng xc nh mc tiu (c yu cu
ti a ha tim nng u t i vo):
Cn thn tin hnh nghin cu xy dng mt c s
d liu ca cc nh u t tim nng
Thng qua phng php nghin cu khoa hc m
bo cht lng cao nht, cc cng ty lin quan nht
c thit lp
Thit lp mng li vi cc t chc c lin quan xc
nh s vn ng u t S dng mng li kinh
doanh to s dn dt u t
5.5.2.1. Xy dng c s d liu v nh u t
mc tiu:
xy dng mt c s d liu ca cc nh u
t tim nng, c 03 k thut chnh thng c
s dng:
C s d liu hin ti ca nhng a ch lin h
nh u t
Cc cng ty trong cc lnh vc mc tiu
Cc cng ty FDI chnh t nc ch u t v t
t nc nhn u t
5.5.2.2 Kt ni mng li vi cc t chc c lin
quan vn ng u t:
Cc mng li chnh c th c s dng cho cc
vn ng dn dt u t bao gm:
Nh u t nc ngoi hin ti
Cc cng ty a phng
Hp tc xuyn bin gii vi IPA ni khc
Mng hi ngoi c th l ngun chnh ca vn
ng dn dt u t
Cu hi n tp chng V:
1. Xc tin u t quc t l g?
2. Nhng phm vi no khng bao gm trong xc
tin u t?
3. C bao nhiu hnh thc T chc xc tin u t?
c im, u v nhc im ca tng loi T
chc xc tin u t? Cho v d
4. Trnh by quy trnh chung xc tin u t nc
ngoi
5. Trnh by cc cch thc tip cn nh u t mc
tiu
Mc tiu ca Chng VI:
Nhn bit nhng ng c c bn m cc cng
ty u t ra nc ngoi khi quyt nh nhng hot
ng u t l quyt nh thnh cng
Nhn bit nhng li th cnh tranh m mt
cng ty phi c tr thnh mt cng ty a quc
gia
M t chin lc thc hin bi cc MNCs trong
vic i chi v khai thc cc ro cn i vi
thm nhp vo th trng nc ngoi bng sn
phm v nhn t khng hon ho ca th trng
Nhn bit nhng nhn t gip cng ty quyt nh
s xut khu, hay cp php kinh doanh cho cng
ty nc ngoi hay thit lp mt chi nhnh mi
nc ngoi
Gii thch ti sao nhiu cng ty tr thnh cng ty
a quc gia khng phi l mt s la chn m l
mt s tn ti
nh gi bn cht ca cnh tranh ton cu v c
th nhn bit nhng nhn t chnh dn n s
ton cu ha ca th trng v cnh tranh.
6.1. Chin lc ca cng ty a quc gia v m
hnh thm nhp th trng:
Cc MNCs thc hin chin lc nhm chng
chi hay khai thc cc ro cn thm nhp c
to ra bi sn phm hay th trng khng hon ho
C 03 phn loi MNCs v chin lc ca h:
Da vo s sng to ca sn phm
Da vo s khc bit ha ca sn phm
Da trn nhng sc mnh ca tp on
bo v h khi s e da cnh tranh
6.1.1 Chin lc ca cng ty a quc gia da trn s
sng to:
Nhiu MNCs nh 3M (Hoa K), Phillips (H Lan),
Sony (Nht) vt qua ro cn thm nhp bng vic
thng xuyn gii thiu ra sn phm mi v khc bit
cho s tn ti ca n bi s cnh tranh trong nc cng
nh quc t.
Chi tiu nhng khon tin ln vo R&D
T l cng ngh trn nhn s cao
Sn phm c thit k p ng y nhng yu
cu ca trong nc ln nc ngoi
Nhng s i u v cng ngh c mt thi quen
ca s xi mn v duy tr t trng thay th cho
nhng dng sn phm chun ha.
S trng thnh ca ngnh v nhng nhn t
khc s thay th cng ngh v tr thnh ro cn
xm nhp
i th cnh tranh a phng c th thnh cng
trong vic thay th cc MNCs nc ngoi chnh
th trng ch nh ca cc MNCS
6.1.2 Chin lc ca cng ty a quc gia da trn s
trng thnh:
mt s ngnh ngh, cng ty MNCs sau khi s
sng to dn mt i v sn phm tr nn tiu chun
ha v ph bin
li th cnh tranh u vit l vn qun l hot
ng hiu qu da trn quy m
Gia tng quy m ca sn xut, Marketing, phn phi
sn phm u gim s gia tng chi ph thnh phn
to ra li th cnh tranh cho MNCs
V d: Coca cola, Nestle, P&G
Cc MNCs c gng vn ra nc ngoi cn
i li nhun khi doanh s bn hng trong ni a
trng thnh, bo ha.
Vic bn hng ra nc ngoi cng gip cc cng
ty thu c li nhun vt tri nh thng hiu
mnh.
V d: Nhiu MNCs ca M nh Anheuser Busch
(nh sn xut bia Budweiser).
6.1.3. Chin lc ca cng ty a quc gia da trn s
lu i:
Cc MNCs lu i thng thc hin chin lc l s
dng kh nng scan ton cu tm kim nhng kha
cnh sn xut chi ph thp hn.
Chi ph c th c ti thiu ha bi vic kt hp
nng cao hot ng sn xut vi s hp l ha v hi
nhp ca cc c s sn xut ton cu.
bao gm nhiu d n, nh my chuyn bit ha
trong cc khu ca hot ng sn xut.
Tuy nhin vn c nhng tht bi khi s dng.
V d: Mt s cng ty may mc v in my ca
M di chuyn c s sn xut sang khu vc Chu
nh i Loan, Hng Kng, Trung Quc, Thi Lan,
Vit Nam ly chi ph nhn cng r.
chu s cnh tranh ca cc cng ty Chu trn
th trng M to ra s rt gi trong th trng M.
b i sn phm c v thay bng cc sn phm
mi
khng c li th cnh tranh gc i vi sn
phm mi
rt s u t c s sn xut nc ngoi
6.2. Vn u t trc tip nc ngoi i vi cc
MNCs:
Da trn s phn tch phn 6.1, mt s cng ty tr
thnh hoc duy tr l mt MNCs l s tn ti nhng
khng phi l mt s la chn.
Khi u t ra nc ngoi, cc MNCs c li th sau:
Gim chi ph
Li th kinh t nh quy m
Ngun lc a dng
Tim kim kin thc
Gi khch hng ni a
6.3. Thit k mt chin lc m rng ra ton
cu:
Bc 1: Nhn thc v s u t c li nhun
Mi nhn thc u t u v li nhun
Cng ty u t ra nc ngoi nng cao li th
cnh tranh
ty vo c im v mc , kh nng p ng
m Cng ty s la chn chin lc
Bc 2: La chn phng thc thm nhp
Gia nhp vo mt lin doanh vi mt hay nhiu
cng ty a phng
Thnh lp mt hay nhiu lin minh chin lc
Cp giy php kinh doanh cho cng ty nc
ngoi
Thc hin xut khu truyn thng
Mua bn, sp nhp doanh nghip nc ngoi
Bc 3: nh gi hiu qu ca phng thc thm
nhp
Cha kha chnh ca s m rng ton cu l s nh gi
lin tc ca phng thc thm nhp hin ti.
Tim nng v doanh s ca th trng nc ngoi l phn
ti thiu trong hm s chin lc thm nhp.
V d: Nhng nm 60, li th cnh tranh v chi ph lao
ng v quy m. Nhng nm thp nin 70, li th cnh
tranh l tp trung xy dng nhng quyn thng hiu
mnh v nng lc phn phi. Nm 80, chuyn hon ton
li th cnh tranh da trn chi ph thnh cht lng,
thng hiu mnh, v h thng phn phi
Bc 4: S dng tiu ch thm nh ph hp:
*Khi thm nh d n u t trn c s xem xt cc tc
ng ton cu s buc cng ty tr li cho nhng cu hi
theo sau:
D n u t s ng bao nhiu i vi vic bo v
danh ting ca cng ty trong vic giao hng tin cy v
ng lc?
Hiu qu no c thit lp cho hot ng nc
ngoi, khi i mt vi i th cnh tranh hin ti v
tim nng, hay kh nng cung cp sn phm cnh tranh
S nh hng ca li nhun i vi hnh ng trn?
Bc 5:c lng bn vng ca li th
cnh tranh
* Li th cnh tranh lun c xem xt v duy tr
thng xuyn m bo s tn ti hiu qu
trong vic thm nhp th trng.
V d: Cng ty Honda v Canon thc hin k thut
ng thi i vi s pht trin ca sn phm
Bi tp tnh hung:
Xem xt u t trc tip nc ngoi: Trng hp
cng ty Blades tr li nhng cu hi sau:
1. Hy nhn dng v tho lun mt s li ch m Blades
c th c c khi u t Thi Lan
2. Bn c ngh rng Blades nn ch i n nm sau
thc hin FDI Thi hay khng? S cn bng ra sao
nu Blades u t ti Thi ngay by gi?
3. Bn c ngh Blades nn lm mi hp ng ca n
vi nh bn l Thi trong 03 nm ti? S cn bng ra
sao nu lm mi hp ng?
4. Gi s rng t l tht nghip cao Thi Lan v
qu trnh sn xut c s dng bi Blades, bn
ngh nh th no nu Chnh ph Thi Lan s xem
xt vic thit lp chi nhnh bi nhng cng ty nh
Blades Thi Lan? Bn c ngh rng chnh ph
Thi Lan s c nhiu s h tr hay t s h tr nu
nhng cng ty nh Blades mua li nhng doanh
nghip ang tn ti Thi Lan? Ti sao?
MC TIU CA CHNG VII
Cung cp kin thc v quyt nh chi ph vn cho
hot ng FDI ca cc cng ty v nhn dng nhng
trng hp m chi ph vn cao hn hay thp hn
hay bng nhng d n trong nc
Nhn bit v tm ra c cc vn then cht bng
vic p dng m hnh nh gi vn ti sn (CAPM)
c lng chi ph vn cho d n u t nc
ngoi
Nhn bit nhng nhn t lin quan v tng ng
trong vic cu trc vn ton cu ca cc MNCs
7.1 Dn nhp:
Mt cu hi chung cho tt c cc MNCs khi u t
l:
Khi no t sut thu hi (rate of return) ca nhng
d n nc ngoi s cao hn, thp hn hay tng
ng vi nhng d n ni a (ti home country)?
tr li cho cu hi trn, chng ta phi kim tra
chi ph vn ca cc MNCs.
Mt s nh ngha khi kim tra chi ph vn:
Chi ph vn hiu theo ngha n gin l chi ph
(phi tr) cho vic s dng ngun vn no
Nu c nhiu ngun vn khc nhau th chi ph vn
(Cost of Capital) l t sut thu hi trung bnh c
trng s (weighted average rate of return) m cng
ty phi tr cho nhng ngi cho vay v c ng
cng ty v vic s dng ngun vn .
7.2. M hnh CAPM:
a. Gii thiu chung:
M hnh CAPM kin ngh rng sut thu hi ca bt
k khon u t no u lin quan n ri ro gia tng
bi mt d n c th i vi danh mc u t th
trng bao gm tt c ti sn c giao dch .
M hnh CAPM xc nh nh sau:
ri = rf + (rm rf)
ri l sut thu hi k vng cn bng ca ti sn i
rf l sut thu hi phi ri ro, thng c o lng bi
li sut ca tn phiu chnh ph
rm l sut thu hi mong i ca danh mc th trng
bao gm tt c ti sn ri ro
: cov(ri , rm)/2(rm ), o lng s tng quan sut thu
hi ca mt ti sn c th i vi sut thu hi ca danh
mc th trng
(rm rf): ph ri ro th trng
(rm rf): ph ri ro th trng ca ngnh/ ti sn
b. La chn t sut phi ri ro:
T sut phi ri ro l mt t sut mc nh cho rng li
sut l c nh, v ri ro i vi mt cng ty chng
khon/ khon u t l bng 0
V d: Li sut tn phiu chnh ph l t sut phi ri
ro
c. Tnh ton h s beta :
Cch 1: Beta = Covar(Ri,Rm)/Var(Rm)
Trong : Covar(Ri,Rm) l hip phng sai ca t sut
sinh li ca d n v t sut sinh li ca th trng
Var(Rm) l phng sai ca t sut sinh li ca th trng
Cch 2:
tnh ton h s ngi ta c th dng phng
php hi quy. Bng cch chy hm hi quy gia sut
sinh li ca th trng bao gm c c tc vi sut thu
hi ca c phiu m chng ta cn tm h s
7.3. Chi ph vn trung bnh c trng s ca d n
u t nc ngoi:
k0 = a*ke + b*kd
Vi:
k0: chi ph trung bnh c trng s (WACC)
a: t l vn gp ca c ng trong tng s vn gp (%)
b: T l khon n ca cng ty trong tng vn gp (%),
a + b = 100%
kd l chi ph sau thu ca khon n = id (1-T), vi id l
li sut khng thu khon n, T l t sut thu thu
nhp ti nc ngoi
V d: Gi s mt cng ty c ti tr vn vi t l
60% c phn thng thng, 30% n, 10% c phn
u i. Chi ph sau thu ln lt l 20%, 6%, 14%.
Nh vy chi ph trung bnh c trng s l:
WACC = 60%*20% + 30%*6% + 10%*14%
= 15,2%
7.4. Cc ngun khc nhau ca chi ph vn cho d
n u t nc ngoi:
Gi s cng ty chi nhnh nc ngoi yu cu tng
vn u t cho d n mi l A ($). A c cng ty m
c nh nh sau:
P: Vn t cng ty m ti tr
E: vn t thu nhp gi li ca chi nhnh nc ngoi
D: khon n vay nc ngoi
Vy nn I = P + E + D
a. Vn t cng ty m (P):
T sut thu hi yu cu ca vn t cng ty m cng
l chi ph vn bin ca chi nhnh nc ngoi (k0)