Chapter 1

Introduction

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Jim Kurose, Keith
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March 2012
All material copyright 1996-2012
J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross, All Rights Reserved

Introduction 1-1
Chapter 1: introduction
our goal: overview:
get feel and whats the Internet?
terminology whats a protocol?
more depth,
network edge; hosts, access
net, physical media
detail later in network core: packet/circuit
course switching, Internet structure
approach: performance: loss, delay,
use Internet throughput
security
as example protocol layers, service
models
history
Introduction 1-2
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-3
Whats the Internet: nuts and
bolts view
PC millions mobile network
of connected
server computing devices:
hosts = end systems global ISP
wireless
laptop running network apps
smartphone
home
communication network
regional ISP
wireless
links
links fiber, copper,
wired
links radio, satellite
transmission
rate: bandwidth
Packet switches:
router
forward packets institutional
network
(chunks of data)
routers and Introduction 1-4
Fun internet appliances

Web-enabled toaster +
weather forecaster

IP picture frame
http://www.ceiva.com/

Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

Slingbox: watch,
control cable TV remotely
Internet
refrigerator Internet phones
Introduction 1-5
Whats the Internet: nuts and
bolts view
mobile network
Internet: network of
networks global ISP
Interconnected ISPs
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs home
network
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, regional ISP
802.11
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force

institutional
network

Introductio 1-6
n
Whats the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that
provides services to global ISP
applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets, home
network
provides programming regional ISP
interface to apps
hooks that allow sending
and receiving app
programs to connect to
Internet
provides service options,
analogous to postal service
institutional
network

Introductio 1-7
n
Whats a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
whats the time? machines rather
I have a question than humans
introductions all communication
activity in Internet
governed by
specific msgs sent protocols
specific actions
taken when msgs protocols define
received, or other format, order of
events
msgs sent and
received among
network entities,
and actions taken on
Introduction 1-8
Whats a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi
TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human
protocols? Introduction 1-9
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-10
A closer look at network
structure:
network edge: mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers global ISP

home
access networks, network
regional ISP
physical media:
wired, wireless
communication
links
network core:
interconnected
routers institutional
network
network of
networks Introduction 1-11
Access networks and physical
media
Q: How to connect
end systems to
edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school,
company)
mobile access networks
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per
second) of access
network?
shared or dedicated?

Introduction 1-12
Access net: digital subscriber
line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
< 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically <
1 Mbps)
< 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically
Introduction 1-13
Access net: cable
network cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing: different channels tra

in different frequency bands
Introduction 1-14
Access net: cable
network cable headend

cable splitter cable modem

modem CMTS
termination system

data, TV transmitted at different

frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network

HFC: hybrid fiber coax

asymmetric: up to 30Mbps downstream
transmission rate, 2 Mbps upstream
transmission rate
network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP
router
homes share access network to cable headend
Introduction 1-15
 Access net: home
network
wireless
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)

Introduction 1-16
Enterprise access networks
(Ethernet)

institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router

Ethernet institutional mail,

switch web servers

typically used in companies, universities, etc

10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet
switch

Introduction 1-17
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka access point

wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access

within building (100 ft) provided by telco (cellular)
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 operator, 10s km
Mbps transmission rate between 1 and 10 Mbps
3G, 4G: LTE

to Internet

to Internet

Introduction 1-18
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller
two packets,
chunks, known as packets, L bits each
of length L bits
transmits packet into
access network at
transmission rate R 2 1
link transmission rate,
R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
1-19
Physical media
bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver
pairs twisted pair (TP)
physical link: what lies two insulated copper
between transmitter & wires
receiver Category 5: 100
guided media: Mbps, 1 Gpbs
Ethernet
signals propagate in Category 6: 10Gbps
solid media: copper,
fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate
freely, e.g., radio

Introduction 1-20
Physical media: coax, fiber

coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:

two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
high-speed point-to-point
broadband: transmission (e.g., 10s-
multiple channels on 100s Gpbs transmission
cable rate)
HFC low error rate:
repeaters spaced far
apart
immune to
electromagnetic noise

Introduction 1-21
Physical media: radio
signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic terrestrial microwave
spectrum e.g. up to 45 Mbps
no physical wire channels
bidirectional
LAN (e.g., WiFi)
11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation
environment effects:
wide-area (e.g., cellular)
3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
reflection
obstruction by
satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel
objects (or multiple smaller
interference channels)
270 msec end-end delay
geosynchronous versus low
altitude
Introduction 1-22
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-23
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
packet-switching: hosts
break application-layer
messages into packets
forward packets from
one router to the next,
across links on path
from source to
destination
each packet transmitted
at full link capacity

Introduction 1-24
Packet-switching: store-and-
forward
L bits
per packet

321
source destination
R bps R bps

takes L/R seconds to one-hop numerical

transmit (push out) L- example:
bit packet into link at R L = 7.5 Mbits
bps R = 1.5 Mbps
store and forward: one-hop transmission
entire packet must
delay = 5 sec
arrive at router before
end-end
it can be delay = 2L/R
transmitted
(assuming
on next linkzero more on delay shortly
propagation delay) Introduction 1-25
Packet Switching: queueing delay,
loss
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link

queuing and loss:

If arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds
transmission rate of link for a period of time:
packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on
link
packets can be dropped (lost) if memory
(buffer) fills up
Introduction 1-26
Two key network-core
functions
routing: determines forwarding: move
source-destination route packets from routers
taken by packets input to appropriate
routing algorithms router output

routing algorithm

local forwarding table

header value output link
0100 3 1
0101 2
0111 2 3 2
1001 1
11
01

dest address in arriving

packets header
Network Layer 4-27
Alternative core: circuit
switching
end-end resources allocated
to, reserved for call
between source & dest:
In diagram, each link has four
circuits.
call gets 2nd circuit in top link
and 1st circuit in right link.
dedicated resources: no
sharing
circuit-like (guaranteed)
performance
circuit segment idle if not used
by call (no sharing)
Commonly used in traditional
telephone networks

Introduction 1-28
Circuit switching: FDM versus
TDM
Example:
FDM
4 users

frequency

time
TDM

frequency

time
Introduction 1-29
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
packet switching allows more users to use network!

example:
1 Mb/s link

..
each user: N
users
100 kb/s when active
1 Mbps link
active 10% of time

circuit-switching:
10 users
packet switching: Q: how did we get value 0.00
with 35 users, Q: what happens if > 35 use
probability > 10 active
at same time is less
than .0004 *
* Check out the online interactive exercises for more examples Introduction 1-30
Packet switching versus circuit
switching
is packet switching a slam dunk winner?
great for bursty data
resource sharing
simpler, no call setup
excessive congestion possible: packet delay and
loss
protocols needed for reliable data transfer,
congestion control
Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video
apps
still ananalogies
Q: human unsolvedofproblem (chapter
reserved 7) (circuit
resources
switching) versus on-demand allocation (packet-
switching)? Introduction 1-31
Internet structure: network of
networks
End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs
(Internet Service Providers)
Residential, company and university ISPs
Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
So that any two hosts can send packets to
each other
Resulting network of networks is very complex
Evolution was driven by economics and
national policies
Lets take a stepwise approach to describe
current Internet structure
Internet structure: network of
networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to
connect them together?

access
access
net
access
net
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

access access
net net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?

access
access
net
access
net
net
access
access
net
net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP

to each other directly doesnt

access access

net
scale: O(N2) connections. net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access

net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit
ISP? Customer and provider ISPs have economic
agreement. access
access

access
net net
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

global
access
net ISP access
net

access
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors .

access
access
net
access
net
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A

access access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be
competitors . which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
access access

access
net net
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net
peering link
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
and regional networks may arise to connect
access nets to ISPS

access
access
net
access
net
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP C
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: network of
networks
and content provider networks (e.g., Google,
Microsoft, Akamai ) may run their own network, to
bring services, content close to end users
access
access
net
access
net
net
access
access net
net

access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A

Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net

access
ISP B
net
access
net

access
net regional net
access
net
access access
net access net
net
 Internet structure: network of
networks
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google

IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP

access access access access access access access access

ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

at center: small # of well-connected large networks

tier-1 commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT),
national & international coverage
content provider network (e.g, Google): private network
that connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing
Introduction 1-40
Tier-1 ISP: e.g., Sprint
POP: point-of-presence

to/from backbone

peering

to/from customers

Introduction 1-41
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-42
How do loss and delay
occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds
output link capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
packet being transmitted (delay)

B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers

Introduction 1-43
Four sources of packet
delay transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing
check bit errors delay
determine output link time waiting at
typically < msec output link for
transmission
depends on Introduction 1-44
Four sources of packet
delay transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans +

dprop
dtrans: transmission dprop: propagation delay:
delay: d: length of physical link
L: packet length (bits) s: propagation speed in
R: link bandwidth (bps) medium (~2x108 m/sec)
dtrans and dprop dprop = d/s
dtrans = L/R
very different
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on trans vs. prop delay Introduction 1-45
Caravan analogy
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

cars propagate at time to push entire

100 km/hr caravan through toll
toll booth takes 12 sec to booth onto highway
service car (bit = 12*10 = 120 sec
transmission time) time for last car to
car~bit; caravan ~ propagate from 1st
packet to 2nd toll both:
100km/(100km/hr)=
Q: How long until 1 hr
caravan is lined up
before 2nd toll booth?
A: 62 minutes

Introduction 1-46
Caravan analogy (more)
100 km 100 km
ten-car toll toll
caravan booth booth

suppose cars now propagate at 1000 km/hr

and suppose toll booth now takes one min to
service a car
Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars
serviced at first booth?
A: Yes! after 7 min, 1st car arrives at second
booth; three cars still at 1st booth.

Introduction 1-47
Queueing delay (revisited)

average queueing
R: link bandwidth (bps)

delay
L: packet length (bits)
a: average packet
arrival rate

traffic intensity
= La/R
La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0
La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large
La/R > 1: more work arriving
than can be serviced, average delay
infinite!
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss La/R -> 1
Introduction 1-48
Real Internet delays and
routes
what do real Internet delay & loss look like?
traceroute program: provides delay
measurement from source to router along end-
end Internet path towards destination. For all i:
sends three packets that will reach router i on path
towards destination
router i will return packets to sender
sender times interval between transmission and
reply.

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes

Introduction 1-49
Real Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms link
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org
Introduction 1-50
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer
has finite capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka
lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by
previous node, by source end system, or
not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
* Check out the Java applet for an interactive animation on queuing and loss Introduction 1-51
 Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which
bits transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time

server, with
server sends link capacity
pipe that can carry link capacity
pipe that can carry
file ofbits
F bits fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
fluid at rate
to(fluid)
send into
to client
pipe Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)

Introduction 1-52
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

Rs > Rc What is average end-end

throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec

bottleneck
link onlink
end-end path that constrains end-end
throughput
Introduction 1-53
Throughput: Internet
scenario
per-connection
end-end Rs
throughput: Rs Rs
min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
in practice: Rc or R
Rs is often
bottleneck Rc Rc

Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Introduction 1-54
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-55
Protocol layers
Networks are
complex,
with many pieces:
hosts Question:
is there any hope of
routers organizing structure of
links of various network?
media
applications . or at least our
protocols discussion of networks?
hardware,
software

Introduction 1-56
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage (claim)

gates (load) gates (unload)

runway takeoff runway landing

airplane routing airplane routing

airplane routing

a series of steps

Introduction 1-57
Layering of airline
functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket

baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage

gates (load) gates (unload) gate

runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing

airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing

departure intermediate air-traffic arrival

airport control centers airport

layers: each layer implements a service

via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer
below
Introduction 1-58
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of complex systems pieces
layered reference model for discussion
modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
change of implementation of layers service
transparent to rest of system
e.g., change in gate procedure doesnt
affect rest of system
layering considered harmful?

Introduction 1-59
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting
network applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
transport: process-process
data transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams network
from source to destination
IP, routing protocols link
link: data transfer between
neighboring network elements physical
Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP
physical: bits on the wire

Introduction 1-60
ISO/OSI reference
model
presentation: allow
applications to interpret
meaning of data, e.g., application
encryption, compression, presentation
machine-specific conventions
session: synchronization, session
checkpointing, recovery of transport
data exchange
Internet stack missing network
these layers! link
these services, if needed, must
be implemented in application physical
needed?

Introduction 1-61
 source Encapsulatio
n
message M application
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M application Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical

Introduction 1-62
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-63
Network security
field of network security:
how bad guys can attack computer networks
how we can defend networks against attacks
how to design architectures that are immune
to attacks
Internet not originally designed with
(much) security in mind
original vision: a group of mutually trusting
users attached to a transparent network
Internet protocol designers playing catch-
up
security considerations in all layers!

Introduction 1-64
Bad guys: put malware into hosts via
Internet
malware can get in host from:
virus: self-replicating infection by
receiving/executing object (e.g., e-mail
attachment)
worm: self-replicating infection by passively
receiving object that gets itself executed
spyware malware can record
keystrokes, web sites visited, upload
info to collection site
infected host can be enrolled in botnet,
used for spam. DDoS attacks
Introduction 1-65
Bad guys: attack server, network
infrastructure
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources
(server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets to target
from compromised
hosts target

Introduction 1-66
Bad guys can sniff packets
packet sniffing:
broadcast media (shared ethernet, wireless)
promiscuous network interface reads/records all
packets (e.g., including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B
wireshark software used for end-of-chapter
labs is a (free) packet-sniffer
Introduction 1-67
Bad guys can use fake
addresses
IP spoofing: send packet with false source
address
A C

src:B dest:A payload

lots more on security (throughout, Chapter

Introduction 1-68
Chapter 1: roadmap
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network
structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history

Introduction 1-69
Internet history
1961-1972: Early packet-switching principles
1961: Kleinrock - 1972:
queueing theory ARPAnet public demo
shows effectiveness NCP (Network Control
of packet-switching
Protocol) first host-host
1964: Baran - protocol
packet-switching in first e-mail program
military nets
ARPAnet has 15 nodes
1967: ARPAnet
conceived by
Advanced Research
Projects Agency
1969: first ARPAnet
node operational

Introduction 1-70
Internet history
1972-1980: Internetworking, new and proprietary nets
1970: ALOHAnet satellite
network in Hawaii Cerf and Kahns
1974: Cerf and Kahn - internetworking
architecture for principles:
interconnecting networks minimalism, autonomy - no
1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC internal changes required
to interconnect networks
late70s: proprietary
best effort service model
architectures: DECnet, SNA,
stateless routers
XNA
decentralized control
late 70s: switching fixed
length packets (ATM define todays Internet
precursor) architecture
1979: ARPAnet has 200
nodes

Introduction 1-71
Internet history
1980-1990: new protocols, a proliferation of networks
1983: deployment of new national
TCP/IP networks: Csnet,
1982: smtp e-mail BITnet, NSFnet,
protocol defined Minitel
1983: DNS defined 100,000 hosts
for name-to-IP- connected to
address translation confederation of
1985: ftp protocol networks
defined
1988: TCP
congestion control

Introduction 1-72
Internet history
1990, 2000s: commercialization, the Web,
new apps
early 1990s: ARPAnet late 1990s 2000s:
decommissioned more killer apps:
1991: NSF lifts restrictions on
instant messaging,
commercial use of NSFnet
(decommissioned, 1995) P2P file sharing
early 1990s: Web network security to
hypertext [Bush 1945, forefront
Nelson 1960s] est. 50 million host,
HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee 100 million+ users
1994: Mosaic, later backbone links
Netscape running at Gbps
late 1990s:
commercialization of the
Web

Introduction 1-73
Internet history
2005-present
~750 million hosts
Smartphones and tablets
Aggressive deployment of broadband access
Increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access
Emergence of online social networks:
Facebook: soon one billion users
Service providers (Google, Microsoft) create their
own networks
Bypass Internet, providing instantaneous
access to search, emai, etc.
E-commerce, universities, enterprises running
their services in cloud (eg, Amazon EC2)

Introduction 1-74
Introduction: summary
covered a ton of you now have:
material! context, overview,
Internet overview feel of networking
whats a protocol? more depth, detail
network edge, core, to follow!
access network
packet-switching
versus circuit-switching
Internet structure
performance: loss, delay,
throughput
layering, service models
security
history
Introduction 1-75