Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PART 2
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FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DATA
PROCESSING (EDP)
2
DATA :
Collection of facts
Raw information
INFORMATION :
Useful Information
Facts in organised manner
DATA PROCESSING :
Sequence of actions required to be performed on
data to convert it into results.
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Data Processing Operations
1. Recording and Storage
2. Verifying
3. Duplicating
4. Classifying
5. Sorting
6. Merging
7. Calculating
8. Searching and Retrieving
9. Summeriging and report writing
10. Communication
4
METHODS OF DATA PROCESSING
Journals
Ledgers
5
2. Mechanical Data Processing
Calculators
Adding Machines
Type writers
6
3. Electromechanical Data Processing
Card punch machines
Electric type writers
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4. Electronic Data Processing (EDP)
Calculators
Computers
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1.First Generation Computers
(1946 1959)
Major Components : Vacuum tubes.
9
EDSAC (Electronic Delayed Storage
Automatic Computer) (1949)
Completed in 1949 at Cambridge University,
England. First Computer to use the stored
Program concept.
EDVAC First American Computer to have
stored program feature.
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable
Automatic Computer) completed in 1952.
1951 UNIVAC I become operational at
Census Bureau
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Manufacture Model
12
Manufacture Model
Philco 2000
NCR 300
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Third Generation Computer
(1965 - 1970)
IC - Integrated Circuits
Microsecond 10 -6
Nanosecond 10 -9
Seconding storage devices,
terminals
14
Manufacturer Model
Burroughs 5700, 6700, 7700
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Fourth Generation Computers
(Since 1970)
Chip Technology
LSI - Large Scale Integrator Circuits
MSI Mass Scale Integrated Circuits
Size of Chip - square inch
Semiconductor Technology
16
Fifth Generation Computers
AI Artificial Intelligence
Parallel Processing
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What is a Computer?
Computer
A device capable of
performing computations and
making logical decisions
18
How to use a computer
andnotloseyourmind
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TERMINOLOGY
20
Hardware
vs.
Software
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Hardware-The electronic
circuits,
memory and
input/output
components of a
computer system;
the tangible
objects
22
Hardware
Memory
RAM
Hard Disk/Floppy Disk/CD
Tape
CPU/Motherboard
Modem
Power Supply
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RAM- Random
Access
Memory
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ROM- Read
Only
Memory
25
CPU- Central
Processing
Unit
26
Looking at the CPU
CD Rom drive
3 inch floppy
disk drive
On/Off button
Restart button
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Computer Structure
The Box
Input Devises
Keyboard
Mouse CPU
Joystick
Process Arithmetic
Control Unit Logic Unit
Output Devices
Monitor
Printer
Main Memory
(RAM)
External Storage
Hard disk
Floppy
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Computer Organization
Six logical units in every computer:
Input unit
Obtains information from input devices
(keyboard, mouse)
Output unit
Outputs information (to screen, to printer, to
control other devices)
Memory unit
Rapid access, low capacity, stores input
information
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Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
Performs arithmetic calculations and logic
decisions
Central processing unit (CPU)
Supervises and coordinates the other
sections of the computer
Secondary storage unit
Cheap, long-term, high-capacity storage,
stores inactive programs
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CPU
Monitor(screen)
Mouse
Keyboard
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Units of Time
32
Software- A general term for
computer programs and
documentation involved
in the operation of
the computer
33
Software
Program
Operating System
(OS)
DATA
34
Program- A sequence of instructions
directing a computer to
perform a particular
function; a statement of
an algorithm in a
programming language.
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Operating System-
36
Evolution of Operating Systems
Batch processing
Do only one job or task at a time
Multiprogramming
Manyjobs or tasks sharing a
computers resources
Timesharing
Perform a small portion of one users
job then moves on to service the next
user
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BOOTING
1. Operating System is loaded from
Secondary Memory to the Main
Memory. After loading of the OS, the
computer is ready for use.
2. ROM Bios instructions get executed.
Hardware check is performed.
3. IO.SYS and MS.SYS system files get read 38
Data Representation
Computer memory
Millions of switches (relays)
Two possible states
on or off
open or closed
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Data Representation
Bits when grouped together can
Be used to represent any number using
the binary (base 2) number system
Bytes 8 bit groupings
Most fundamental measure of memory
256 Megabytes of memory
2,048,000,000 bits
1 Byte = 1 Character
K = 1024 bytes (K means Kilo)
M = 1024 x 1024 bytes (M means Mega)
G = 1024 x1024 x 1024 (G means Giga)
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Units of Size
41
Number Systems
People
work in base 10
Computers
work in base 2
Engineers
often
work in other groupings of
computer bits
Octal base eight
Hexadecimal base sixteen
42
Number Systems
Base 2
Base 10
1012
12210
1 x 20 = 110
2 x 100
0 x 21 = 010
2 x 101
1 x 22 = 410
1 x 102
510
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Number Systems
3 binary digits can Decimal Octal Binary
0 0 000
be used to
1 1 001
represent eight
2 2 010
possible values
3 3 011
(octal)
4 4 100
5 5 101
010 = 0002 = 08
6 6 110
7 7 111
710 = 1112 = 78 8
9
44
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
Three types of programming languages
- Machine Languages,
- Assembly Languages,
- High-level Languages
Machine languages
Strings of numbers giving machine specific instructions
Example:
+1300042774
+1400593419
+1200274027
Assembly languages
English-like abbreviations representing elementary
computer operations (translated via assemblers)
Example:
LOAD BASEPAY
ADD OVERPAY
STORE GROSSPAY
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COMPUTER LANGUAGES
High-level languages
Similar to everyday English, use
mathematical notations (translated via
compilers)
Example:
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