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Distillation: Underlying Principles of Distillation Azeotropes and VLE Data
Distillation: Underlying Principles of Distillation Azeotropes and VLE Data
Gavin Duffy
School of Electrical Engineering Systems
DIT Kevin Street
Learning Outcomes
After this lecture you should be able to .
Define an azeotrope
Derive a relationship for liquid and vapour phase mole
fractions using Daltons and Raoults laws
Develop vapour liquid equilibrium data from vapour
pressures or from relative volatility
Generate vapour pressures from the Antoine equation
Create an equilibrium curve for a binary mixture
A strange looking VLE An Azeotrope
Ethyl acetate Ethanol VLE
1.0
EA and Eth
0.9
0.8
form an
0.7
Azeotrope at
55% EA
Ya (EA vapour)
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0 Azeotrope
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Xa (EA liquid)
The Azeotrope
An azeotrope is formed when the liquid and vapour
compositions are the same
Separation by conventional distillation is not possible
Dewpoint and bubble point are the same at the azeotrope
Usually occurs at a particular mole fraction. Outside this
point separation is possible
Can have a minimum or maximum boiling point
azeotrope
Can limit the separation and purity of the product
Changing the pressure can be the solution Extractive
Distillation
Min BP Azeotrope EA Ethanol
0.9 79
0.8 78
0.7 77
Ya (EA vapour)
0.6 76
Temp C
0.5 75
0.4 74
0.3 73
0.2 72
0.1 71
0.0 70
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Xa (EA liquid) Xa, Ya (EA)
Max BP Azeotrope - Water Formic Acid
Water Formic Acid VLE Bubble
Water Formic Acid VLE (T-x-y)
Dew
1.0
0.9
109
0.8
108
0.7 107
Ya (H2O vapour)
0.6 106
0.5 105
Temp C
104
0.4
103
0.3
102
0.2
101
0.1
100
0.0
99
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Xa (H2O liquid)
Xa, Ya (H2O)
PT Pbo Pao x a
xa o ya
Pa Pbo PT
1. We could look up the books for data but you are unlikely
to find them at the right temperature. Worth a try.
Temp
Antoine equation
B
log10 P A
T C
Where P = pressure of the saturated vapour (mmHg)
T = Temperature (K)
A, B, C = Antoine coefficients
Perry and the CRC handbook have Antoine coefficients
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
P2o
T1T2 ln o
P1
ln P
o
B
T1 T2 T
See example 6.1-1 in Felder and Rousseau
Acvtivity Toluene and Benzene
Choose one of the following mixtures and determine how
easy it will be to separate by distillation.
Benzene and Toluene, = 2.5
Ethylene Glycol and Water, = 81
Acetic Acid and Acetic Anydride, = 1.9
Butane and Pentane, = 3.5
Construct a T-x-y or an x-y curve for this binary system.
Pressure = 1 atm
For data Use or data + equations
Activity Eth H2O
Ethanol and Water are separated by distillation. The T-x-y
data are given as follows. Perry is a source for data (limited)
Ethanol Water
Temp Xa Ya 105
Temp C
90
75
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Xa, Ya (Eth)