Lecture No.

10

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

(Chapter 1)

Why volumetric efficiency formula has stroke

volume in the denominator?

Why the indicator diagram is used ONLY to find

IMEP i.e why not to find BMEP?

How to obtain IMEP from Indicator diagram?

(Same concept as mean temperature of heat
addition in Rankine Cycle)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Ch. 2: Air-Standard
Cycles and their
Analysis

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Outline

Introduction

Air-standard cycle

Analysis of Otto cycle

Analysis of Diesel cycle

Comparison of the Otto and Diesel cycles

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction

IC engine does not operate on a thermodynamics cycle

because it involves an open system. (The working fluid
enters the system at one set of conditions and leaves at
another)

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction

However, it is often possible to analyze the

open cycle by assuming the closed cycle
(which includes different processes) where
working fluid comes back to the starting
point. Such idealized closed cycle that
approximates the real cycle (fuel-air cycle
and actual cycle) is known as Air Standard
cycle. Air standard cycle has working fluid
as Air.

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Introduction
The analysis of the air-standard cycle is based on the
following assumptions:
The working fluid in the engine (without valve or ports) is always an ideal
gas namely pure air with constant specific heats value at atmospheric
conditions.
The combustion process is replaced by a heat transfer process from an
external source during the power stroke.
There is NO heat loss from the system to surroundings during compression and
expansion strokes. The operation of the engine is frictionless during the cycle.
Some heat is assumed to be rejected to a constant low temperature sink during
the exhaust stroke.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

Introduction

All the processes that constitute the cycle are

reversible.
The compression and expansion processes are
reversible adiabatic.
The working medium does not undergo any
chemical change throughout the cycle.

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Introduction

Because of the simplified assumptions, the peak

temperature, the pressure, the work output, and the
thermal efficiency calculated by the analysis of an air-
standard cycle are higher than those found in an actual
engine. However, the analysis shows the relative effects of
the principal variables, such as compression ratio, initial
pressure and temperature, etc. on the engine performance.

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Otto Cycle

A German scientist, A. Nicolaus Otto in 1876 proposed an

ideal air-standard cycle with constant volume heat addition,
which formed the basis for the practical spark-ignition
engines (petrol and gas engines).
pV const.
dQ 0

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Otto Cycle

1-2 is isentropic compression.

2-3 is reversible constant volume

process.
3-4 is isentropic expansion.
4-1 is reversible constant volume
process.
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Otto Cycle

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Otto Cycle

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Otto Cycle
Mean effective pressure

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Otto Cycle

Work output increase with increase in increase in pressure

ratio at a fixed value of compression ratio and ratio of
specific heats.

Mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency increases

with compression ratio for fixed value of pressure ratio
and ratio of specific heats.

Thermal Efficiency is independent of pressure ratio.

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Diesel Cycle

pV const.
dQ 0

1-2 is isentropic compression.

2-3 is reversible constant pressure process.
3-4 is isentropic expansion.
4-1 is reversible constant volume process.

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Diesel Cycle

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Diesel Cycle

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Diesel Cycle

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Diesel Cycle
It is noted that in the efficiency formula of the diesel cycle, the
bracketed factor is always greater than unity. Hence for a same
compression ratio, the Otto cycle is more efficient.
However above comparison has NO practical importance because
Diesel cycle cannot operate at low compression ratio (6-10) and
cannot be combusted by small spark because diesel sprinkled in the
liquid form in the engine cylinder, while Otto cycle will have different
problems at ratio 16-20 or above. Auto ignition temperature of petrol
is higher than diesel hence it is required to have high peak pressure
generation in compression stroke, hence Compression ratio may be
above 20, that may cause vibration, also naturally Petrol is in vapour
form which captures fire easily and get combusted properly rather
than compressing its mixture with air at high pressure which may
cause incomplete combustion and generation of CO as like in HCCI.

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Comparison of Otto and Diesel
Cycles

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Comparison of Otto and
Diesel Cycles

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Comparison of Otto and
Diesel Cycles

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Comparison of Otto and
Diesel Cycles

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 Homework
Q.1. What are the assumptions made for Air Standard Cycle?
Q.2. Obtain the expression for efficiency, work output and mean effective
pressure for Otto cycle. Write the conclusions (refer PPT for chapter
2, read slide no. 15).
Q.3. Obtain the expression for efficiency for Diesel cycle. Write the
conclusions (refer PPT for chapter 2, slide no. 20).
Q.4. Compare Otto and Diesel cycle for 4 different conditions. Draw the
PV and TS diagrams and explain. (Note that conclusion given in text
book 4th Ed. for Fig. 2.11 and Fig. 2.12 is wrong. It must be opposite
i.e correct conclusion is Diesel cycle is more efficient than Otto cycle
for Figs. 2.11 and 2.12 of 4th Ed. where compression ratio of diesel
cycle is more than Otto cycle in Figs. 2.11-2.12). (Also always note
that from Figs. 2.9 to 2.12, it is clear that the cycle which is having
higher efficiency allows maximum expansion stroke.

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