6.

0 Fuels: Oil/Natural Gas

Frank R. Leslie,
B. S. E. E., M. S. Space Technology
1/28/2010, Rev. 2.1.1
fleslie @fit.edu; (321) 674-7377
www.fit.edu/~fleslie

Rootsweb.ancestry.com
 In Other News . . .

Chrysler developing ENVI plug-in hybrid vehicle

drive for many models, but Fiat may own them by
then
Large oil companies are under Federal ruling on
January 20, 2009 in the Southern District of Florida
because of ethanol-containing boat fuel. The fuel
destroys fiberglass fuel tanks, absorbs water and
phase separation. --- Maritime Reporter 1/27/09
Lawsuit filed in Tampa to recover damages Jan.,
2010 --- could be huge settlement
Pres. Obama stated that he wants offshore oil
drilling in the State of the Union address, also
nuclear plus weatherization of buildings
High speed rail at 168 to 180 mph in Florida
100128
 6. Events: Oil and Coal-to-Liquids (CTL)

1955 South African Sasol CTL started

1973 Arab oil embargo due to Israel-Egypt Six-Day
War
1981 Saudi Ghawar field peaked at 5.7Mbbl/day
1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait
1991 First Gulf War
3/19/2003 US invades Iraq
2005 Kuwaits second largest Burgan field exhausted,
1.7Mbbl/day
10/2008 Crude hits $147/bbl intraday high
2009 Crude oil falls to $33
1/20/2009 Crude oil at $38, $46 on 1/23/09, $73
1/2010
100124
 6.0.1 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas

Petroleum or crude oil is a complex hydrocarbon

mixture (mostly gasoline) that is refined to get its
constituents or feedstock for chemical
transformations
Oil (crude) and natural gas are often found in the
same area, and thus are treated together in this
presentation
Oil provides our principal transportation fuels of
gasoline and diesel, while natural gas provides
heating
Coal-to-liquids results in primarily gasoline-like
fluids and is just mentioned here

100128
 6.0 Overview: Oil and Natural Gas Reserves

Revised 030124
Ref.: National Energy Technology Lab. Why Combustion? CD_ROM
Quads normalize the energy
 6.0 About This Presentation

6.1 Oil Consumption

6.2 Oil Refining
6.3 Natural Gas
6.4 Natural Gas Turbine Peaking Power
6.5 Oil/Gas Reserves
6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation
Conclusion

100124
 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/petflow.htm

6.1 Oil Source and Sink Chart

Petroleum Flow, 2006

(Million Barrels per Day)

Source: Oil Market Basics

http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publications/oil_market_basics/default.htm
100128
 6.1.1 Amount of oil to be produced and consumed

The World consumption of oil was some 74,500,000

barrels of oil per day in 2000
What does this large number represent, and
how can we relate to it?
[What do 2 million Mac hamburgers look like?]

Some interesting figures follow by permission of Jim

Woodfin, former Chair of the Sierra Club Turtle Coast
Group, Melbourne FL (January, 2003 group meeting)

100124 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/
 6.1.1.1 Matters of Scale: World Oil
Consumption
How can we relate to such large numbers?

74,500,000 Barrels Per Day (year 2000)

3,129,000,000 Gallons Per Day
130,375,000 Gallons Per Hour
2,172,917 Gallons Per Minute
36,215 Gallons Per Second

030129
 6.1.1.2a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in West Brevard

County
? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Melbourne,
Florida

Revised 030124
 6.1.1.2b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil flowing in the St. Johns

River?
? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Melbourne,
Florida

River Flow
gallons/second
3,115 average
9,000 high

Water digitally replaced with oil

100124
 6.1.1.3a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL

Revised 030124
 6.1.1.3b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

? Gal/Sec St. Johns River @ Jacksonville FL

43,610 gallons/second

A little too much!

070121
 6.1.1.4a Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?
(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)

Revised 030124
 6.1.1.4b Matters of Scale: World Oil Consumption

36,215 Gal/Sec of Oil

How Long to fill Lake Okeechobee?
(1,200,000,000,000 gallons)

394 days

Revised 030124
 6.1.2.1 Oil History A chronology

Oil was first discovered in ancient times, and asphalt was

used to caulk the seams of ships
1814 First oil well in Caldwell, Ohio discovered oil instead
of salt water; Darn! (:-((
www.aoghs.org

1829 Oil discovered in Burkesville KY; 50,000 bbls total;

they wanted salt water Why? Hint: food
http://www.fohbc.com/images/American%20Oil.pdf

1850 Samuel Kerr distilled oil shale to produce oil

1857 E. L. Drake hired to drill for industrial oil in
Pennsylvania
1866 First gusher in Texas
1866 PA oil was about $6 a barrel (~$35, 2004; $73, 2010)
1901 Lucas Spindletop gusher near Beaumont, Texas,
and Big Oil began

http://www.sjgs.com/history.html
100128
6.1.2 Old Oil Well Field in Pennsylvania

See http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-
worlds-first-oil-field/ for a 3-D photo; adjust browser photo
width to match your eye spacing, stare at infinity, and watch
the well pop into 3-D
There are perhaps 20 stereopticon slides at this site

http://www.greentechhistory.com/2009/08/gallery-the-worlds-first-oil-field/
 6.1.2.2 Oil History A chronology

1901 Oil found in Louisiana

1905 Oil found in California
1920 Chevron-Texaco prospecting in the Middle East
1932 California Arabian Standard Oil Company found oil in
Bahrain
1938 SOCAL discovered oil at Damman, Kuwait
In the 1950s, oil and natural gas replaced coal due to the
lower pollution and ease of use; natural gas predominated
Oil is produced mainly in Saudi Arabia, Russia, and US
Some important products are plastics, detergents, drugs,
fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, paint rubber, epoxies,
recording disks, Crayons
Known reserves will be economically gone in mid-21st
century (2050)

090124
 6.2 Oil Refining

Crude oil contains many compounds; not homogenous

Refining separates the various compounds by
evaporation temperature (fractional distillation)
Conversion causes chemical changes to make a
different product by recombining the molecular chains
Methane (CH4), 1 C; propane, 3C; butane, 4C;
pentane, 5C; hexane, 6C; heptane, 7C; octane, 8C
Octane rating is percentage of octane mixed with
heptane and determines pre-ignition point in a
standard engine (knocking is bad for the engine)
See http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm
for a good animated drawing of distilling crude oil

090124
 6.2.1 Crude Oil is A Complex Mixture!

The mixture contains

many useful
products that must
be refined out of the
crude oil

Distillate fuel oil is

diesel oil or home
heating oil

Gasoline, a complex
mixture, is much of
the barrel

090124 http://www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/chapter08.html
 6.2.9 Will Oil Shale Save Us?

From Peoples Gas briefing to FECC

Colorado mined a lot in ~1970s before cheap oil returned
 6.3 Natural Gas (NG) History A chronology

6000-2000 yr BCE Gas seeps discovered in Iran

Marco Polo saw gas seeps in 1264 at Baku
"Eternal Fires of the Apsheron Peninsula
http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku

1659 Gas discovered in England

1815 NG found in US while digging a well for salt
brine
1859 Fredonia Gas Light Co. formed (West New York)
1860 Liquefied natural gas used as a portable fuel
1885 Coffee roasted by NG and air flame
1905 NG discovered in California
1918 Texas well produced 70 million cubic feet of
gas per day
http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html
090124
 6.3.1 Natural Gas Heating Values

Stat Location Btu/cu.

e ft.
KS Leavenworth 964
MO Kansas City 967
LA Caddo Parish 1039
OK Park City 1076
CA Los Angeles 1108
TX Abilene 1129
OH Cleveland 1150
WV Charleston 1172
OK Kiefer 1272

Heat content affects the price

(true of hot peppers, too! [see Scoville units])
Zerban and Nye, 1952

100124
 6.3.2 Butane, Propane, Etc. Energy Densities

Name Composition Btu/lb

Propane C 3H 8 21690
Butane C4H10 21340
Coke-oven gas 19320
Blast-furnace 1208
gas
Water gas mixture of CO and 6600
(coke) H2

Gasoline C8H18 (C6H14 to C12H26) 20336

JP-4 jet fuel 95% kerosene 18725
No. 2 fuel oil C14H30 to C20H42 19440
Hydrogen H2 61100
Crude oil, Avg. mixture 19589
Harder, 1982; Zerban and Nye, 1952
060115
US
 6.4.1 Gas Turbine Peaking Systems
such as Oleander Energy Plant at Cocoa FL

$200M, 650 MW peaking plant west of Cocoa near I-95

Located close to gas pipeline and transmission lines
Five 150 MW aeroderivative gas turbines spin generators
(derived from aircraft engines)
Muffled hot exhaust is directed straight up into the air
A more-efficient design would use heat recovery steam
generators to cool the exhaust by making steam
That type of combined cycle plant would not qualify
under the previous PURPA law, so that wasnt built
PURPA was intended for solar and wind energy systems,
but was written inadvertently such that other merchant
plants could be licensed; unintended consequences

100128
 6.4.2 Oleander Energy Plant -- 600 MW

5 x 160 MW Now owned by the Southern Company

The turbine is directly http://www.southerncompany.com/southernpower/pdfs/SP_Plant_Oleander.pdf
coupled to the http://www.constellation.com/generation/oleander.asp
generator and jointly
turns at 3,600 RPM. The
first four combustion
turbines produce
electricity at 18,000
volts before being
stepped up in a
transformer to 230,000
volts for transmission,
while the 5th
combustion turbine
produces electricity at
18,000 volts before
being stepped up in a
transformer to 138,000
volts for transmission.
090127
 6.4.3 The Mighty Snow Natural Gas Engine

This Snow
engine ran on
natural gas in a
New Jersey
water plant
It produced
400hp, less than
some SUVs
Its now in the
Florida
Flywheelers
Museum near Ft.
Meade, FL
(Sorry, I could
only get the right Photo by F. Leslie, 2003

end in the photo) Feb 24 thru 28, 2009 - 18th Annual Antique Engine &
Tractor Show www.floridaflywheelers.org/
 6.5.1 Estimated Crude Oil Reserves

Production Oil in billion barrels to May 2009

hslu.wordpress.com/2009/08/13

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/2

100128
 6.5.1 US Imported Crude Oil --- 2003

Crude Oil Imports (Top 15 Countries) (Thousand Barrels per Day)

Country Nov-09 Oct-09 YTD 2009 Nov-08 YTD 2008

CANADA 1,984 1,858 1,927 2,028 1,949

MEXICO 951 1,015 1,099 1,296 1,192

NIGERIA 948 853 748 775 927

SAUDI ARABIA 837 938 998 1,487 1,514

VENEZUELA 809 879 983 1,080 1,040

IRAQ 458 499 460 476 636

ANGOLA 408 437 466 450 499

KUWAIT 287 104 188 292 207

BRAZIL 261 169 304 280 233

ALGERIA 219 327 272 381 319

COLOMBIA 216 282 261 160 181

RUSSIA 169 159 238 152 122

ECUADOR 150 174 182 222 210

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 136 32 95 124 75

LIBYA 116 67 66 63 71

100128 http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publications/company_level_imports/current/import.html
 6.5.2 Estimated Natural Gas Reserves

Natural Gas in trillion cubic feet

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/25opec/sld015.htm
090127
 6.6 Oil/Gas Transportation

LNG is vented at ~100 psi http://www.nkk.co.jp/en/jigyosho/tsu/text_02.html

NG is piped to customers
at ~0.5 psi

LNG Tankers

http://www.ieagreen.org.uk/lngtank.jpg

Oil Tanker
http://www.kmss.no/www/01/wProd.nsf/AllWeb/14CE017B56B8367FC125694A006CE37D?OpenDocument
090127
 Conclusion: Oil & Natural Gas

Oil is an energy-dense liquid, easy to store and

transport, and thus works well in vehicles
Many chemicals are made from oil, thus burning
it may prevent a better, higher use for materials
Choices are made from the economics and cost
of doing business; supply and demand sets prices
Natural gas is the feedstock for fertilizers,
plastics, etc.
97% of hydrogen is now made from natural
gas
How can enough hydrogen be made to replace
existing transportation fuels?

090127
 References: Books

Pickens, T. Boone. The First Million is the Hardest. NY: Crown Business,
2008, p. 136.
Harder, Edwin L. Fundamentals of Energy Production. NY: John Wiley &
Sons, 1982.
Zerban, Alexander H. and Edwin P. Nye. Power Plants. Scranton:
International Textbook Co., 1952.
Anon. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica,
Inc., 2002.
Brower, Michael. Cool Energy. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press, 1992. 0-262-
02349-0, TJ807.9.U6B76, 333.7940973.
Duffie, John and William A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 920 pp., 1991
Gipe, Paul. Wind Energy for Home & Business. White River Junction, VT:
Chelsea Green Pub. Co., 1993. 0-930031-64-4, TJ820.G57, 621.45
Patel, Mukund R. Wind and Solar Power Systems. Boca Raton: CRC Press,
1999, 351 pp. ISBN 0-8493-1605-7, TK1541.P38 1999, 621.312136
Srensen, Bent. Renewable Energy, Second Edition. San Diego: Academic
Press, 2000, 911 pp. ISBN 0-12-656152-4.

090124
 References: Websites, etc.

Woodfin, Jim. Personal communication. Slides on oil rate from a Sierra Club meeting, 1/23/2003
http://www.naturalgas.org/
http://www.sjgs.com/history.html#baku
http://hearth.com/what/gashistory.html
http://www.pa-roots.com/~clarion/books/caldwell/oil2.html
http://www.koffeekorner.com/koffeehistory.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining.htm
http://www.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining2.htm a good animated refining process
http://www.participate.net/files/syrianaDiscussion.pdf
http://www.silverbearcafe.com/private/expectation.html
______________________________________________________________________________-
mailto:energyresources@egroups.com

www.dieoff.org. Site devoted to the decline of energy and effects upon population
www.ferc.gov/ Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
www.google.com/search?q=%22renewable+energy+course%22
solstice.crest.org/
dataweb.usbr.gov/html/powerplant_selection.html

080121
 Olin Engineering Complex 4.7 kW Solar PV Roof Array

Questions?

080116
Slide stockpile follows!
Older slides follow this one.
Look at these if you have
interest or time. Its difficult
to decide what to leave out
of the lecture to save time!