DTEL (Department for Technology Enhanced Learning)

The Centre for Technology enabled Teaching & Learning , N Y S

S, India

Teaching Innovation - Entrepreneurial - Global 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
TECHNOLOGY
VII-SEMESTER
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

CHAPTER NO.3
ILLUMINATION

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 CHAPTER 3:-
SYLLABUS
1 Nature of light, terms used in illumination, solid angle

2 laws of illumination, polar curves,

3 Colour Rendering Index, types of lamps

luminaries, Design of illumination systems

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5 indoor lighting, factory lighting, outdoor lighting

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 CHAPTER 3:-
SYLLABUS
6 flood lighting, street lighting

7 energy saving in lighting systems

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 CHAPTER-3 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE / COURSE
OUTCOME
The student will be able to:

1 Understand illumination system, luminaries, various laws.

2 understand factory, street, flood lighting

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 LECTURE 1: DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

Characteristic of good lighting scheme:

1.Should provide adequate illumination
2.Should provide light distribution all over the working plane as uniform as
possible
3.Should avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
4.Should provide light of suitable color
Factors to be considered for designing lighting scheme
1.Intensity of illumination
.
2.Selection of luminaries
3.Size of room
4.Mounting height and spacing of fittings
A.
5.Conditions of use

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 LECTURE 1: TERMS USED IN ILLUMINATION
Light :The radiant energy from a hot body which produces visual sensation upon
the eye is called light. Denoted by Q . Expressed in Lumen-hour ( analogous to
watt-hour)
Luminous flux: The total quantity of light energy emitted per second from a
luminous body. Represented by F and measured in lumens.
Luminous intensity: Luminous intensity in a given direction is the luminous flux
emitted by source per unit solid angle. Represented by I and measured in
Candela(cd) or Lumens/Steradian I=F/
Lumen: It is amount of luminous flux given out in a space represented by one
unit solid angle by a source having an intensity of one candle power in all
direction. It is the unit of luminous flux. Lumen=candle power(cd)x
solid angle(). Total lumen given out by source of one candela is 4 radians
Candle power(CP): It is defined as the no. of lumens emitted by a source in a
unit solid angle in a given direction. Represented by CP C.P.=Lumens/
Illumination: It is the illuminous flux received by a surface per unit area.
Represented by E. and measured in lumens per square meter or lux or meter-
candle ie E=F/A (A= area in meter square)

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 LECTURE 1:DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Brightness(Luminance): It is defined as the luminous intensity per unit projected
area of a surface in a given direction. Represented by L
Mean Horizontal Candle Power (MHCP): It is defined as the mean of candle
power in all direction in the horizontal plane containing the source of light.
Mean Spherical Candle Power (MSCP): It is defined as the mean of candle power
in all direction and in all planes from the source of light.
Mean Hemi-Spherical Candle Power: It is defined as the mean of all candle power
in all directions above or below the horizontal plane passing through the source of
light.
Reduction Factor: Reduction
. factor of a source of light is the ratio of its mean
spherical candle power to its mean horizontal candle power.
Reduction Factor=M.S.C.P./M.H.C.P.
Lamp efficiency: It is the ratio of Luminous flux to the power input. Expressed in
Lumen/Watt.
Specific Consumption: It is the ratio of power input to the average candle power .
.
Expressed in watt/candle
Space-Height Ratio: It is defined as the ratio of horizontal distance between
adjacent lamps and height of their mountings.

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 LECTURE 2:DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Utilization Factor (UF): The ratio of total lumens reaching the working plane to total
lumens given out by the lamp is called U.F. (coefficient of utilization)
Maintenance Factor(MF ): it is the ratio of illumination under normal working
conditions to the illumination when the things are perfectly clean.
Depreciation Factor: It is the reverse of MF. And is defined as the ratio of initial
meter-candle to the ultimate maintained meter-candle on the working plane. Its
value is more than unity.
Beam Factor: The ratio of lumens in the beam of a projector to the lumens given out
by lamp is called beam factor. This takes into account the absorption of light by
reflectors and front glass of projector lamp. Its value varies from 0.3 to 0.6
.
Waste Light Factor: When surface is illuminated by no. of sources of light, there is
waste of light on account of overlapping and falling of light outside the edges of the
surface. This effect is taken into account by multiplying the theoretical value of
lumens required by 1.2 for rectangular areas and 1.5 for irregular areas and objects
such as statues and monuments etc.
Absorption Factor: In. the places where atmosphere is full of smoke, fumes such as
in foundries there is a possibility of absorption of light. The
ratio of total lumens available after absorption to the total lumens emitted by the
source of light is called absorption factor. Its value varies from unity for clean
atmosphere to 0.5 for foundries. 9

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 LECTURE 2:DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Reflection Factor: When ray of light falls on a surface it is reflected from the surface
at an angle of incidence. A certain portion of incident light is absorbed by the
surface. The ratio of reflected light to the incident light is called reflection factor. It is
always less than unity.
Glare: It may be defined as the brightness within the field of vision of such a
character as to cause discomfort, interference with vision or eye-fatigue

Laws of Illumination
Inverse Square Law: The illumination of a surface is inversely proportional to
the square of distance of the surface from the source.
.

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 LECTURE 2 : Lamberts Cosine Law
According to this law, illumination at any point on a surface is proportional to the
cosine of angle between the normal at that point and the direction of luminous flux.

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 LECTURE 2: POLAR CURVES
The luminous intensity of light source is not same in all directions as its shape is
unsymmetrical.

It is necessary to know the distribution of light in various direction to ascertain how the
candle power of light source varies in different direction.

The luminous intensity in all the direction can be represented by POLAR CURVES.

Polar curves are used to determine the MHCP and MSCP

If the luminous intensity
. in a horizontal
plane passing through the lamp is plotted
against angular positions, a curve k/as
Horizontal Polar Curve is obtained.
If the luminous intensity in a
vertical plane is plotted against
angular positions, a curve k/as
Vertical Polar Curve is obtained.

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 LECTURE 3:DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM
Polar curve are used to determine the actual illumination of the surface by
employing the candle power in that particular direction as read from the vertical
polar curve in illumination calculation.

The MHCP of lamp can be determine from HPC by taking the mean value of CP in a
horizontal direction.
MSCP can be determine from the vertical polar curve by Rousseans Construction.

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 LECTURE 3: Rousseans Construction

Vertical polar curve is drawn which is symmetrical about YOY. Rousseans

construction is as follows
Draw circle with any convenient radius with o as a center.
Draw PQ parallel to YOY & equal to vertical diameter of circle.
Draw any line OEA meeting the polar curve at E & circle at A Let its projection
be S
At S erect an ordinate ST= OE
By similar construction draw other ordinates.
The curve PSQUTVP . obtained by joining these ordinates is k/as Rousseans
curve.
The mean ordinate of this curve gives MSCP
The mean ordinate of the curve= Area PSQUTVP/Length of PQ
The area under the curve can be determine on a graph paper or by using
Simpsons rule.
.

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 LECTURE 3: TYPES OF LAMPS
Incandescent Lamp: Elect current passed through filament (thin wire) placed in a
vacuum (inert gas). Current generates enough heat to raise the temp of filament
to luminosity
Incandescent Tungsten Filament Lamp.
Arc Lamp: Establishes the arc between two electrodes. In this case source of
light is incandescent electrode
Carbon Arc Lamp, Flame Arc Lamp, magnetic Arc Lamp.
Discharge Lamp: Gas or vapour is made luminous by electric discharge through
them. The color and intensity of light depends on gas or vapour used and not on
temp.
.
Mercury vapour, Sodium vapour, Neon-gas, Fluorescent Lamp

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 LECTURE 4:DESIGN OF ILLUMINATION SYSTEM

consist of glass globe completely

evacuated and a fine wire k/as
filament within it. The globe is
evacuated to prevent oxidation and
convection currents of the filament
and also to prevent the temp being
lowered by radiation.
Material commonly used: Tungsten
Resistivity , = 5.6 cm
Temp co-efficient,. = 0.0045
Melting point = 3400o C
Density= 19.3
The when worked at 2000o C in an evacuated bulb
is 18lumens/Watt. The of gas filled coiled-coil
tungsten filament is about 30lumens/Watt. This is
due to high working temp of 2500 o C. This metal is
widely used. .

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 LECTURE 4 : PROPERTIES OF IDEAL FILAMENT
High melting point ,Low vapour pressure,High resistivity, Low temp co-efficient
Ductility, High mechanical strength to withstand vibrations during use.

Advantages of Incandescent Lamp

Direct operation on std. distribution voltage.
Operating power factor is unity
Good radiation characteristic in the luminous range
No effect of surrounding air temp
Availability in various shapes and shades

.
Aging Effect
With time, the light output decreases due to:
1.Evaporation of the filament tend to cause the bulb to blacken.
2.Evaporation makes the filament slowly decrease in diameter, resulting in
higher resistance. Therefore old filaments draws less current and operates
at lesser temp which
. reduces its light output. The also reduces. The total
depreciation of the light output is roughly 15% over the useful life range.

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 LECTURE 4 :EFFECT OF VOLTAGE VARIATION

The increases with the increase in voltage owing to increase in temp

and is proportional to the square of the voltage.
The various relationships are:
1.Lumen output (v)3.55
2.Power consumption
. (v)1.55
3.Luminous efficiency (v)2
4.life (v)-13 for vacuum lamp

(v)-14 for gas-filled lamp

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 LECTURE 4: FILAMENT DIMENSIONS
There is definite relation between diameter of filament and the current through it.
Here, heat produce per sec= heat lost by radiation per sec
Now, power intake= I2 .R=I2 ..L/a
I2 ..L/(/4).d2 =I2 (4..L/d2 )
Power intake=(I/d)2 (4..L)
Where,
I=Filament current in Amp
= resistivity of filament material
L= filament length
d= filament diameter
.
Heat radiated per sec from the surface is proportional to the area of the surface
and emissivity of the material.
Heat lost/sec surface area x emissivity e
(I/d)2 (4..L) .d.L x e
I2 d 3
. I d3/2
d I2/3

In general, for two filaments of same material working at same temp and , the
relation becomes 19
(I1 /I2 )2 =(d1 /d2 )3
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 LECTURE 5 :ARC LAMPS
Used in search lights, projection lamps and special purpose lamps like in flash
cameras
Current is made to flow through two electrodes which are drawn apart 2-3mm.
The ends of carbon rod soon becomes incandescent due to high resistance
The arc will be formed between two electrodes and white light will be produce.
The arc is maintained by transfer of carbon particles from one rod to another
(from +ve to ve rod)
A resistance is used to stabilize the arc.
The voltage drop across arc is 60V and supply is 100V.
The is 9-12 lumens/Watt.
Discharge Lamps
Electric current is passed through gas or vapor which renders it
luminous.
Commonly used elements are neon, mercury and sodium vapor.
The color of light produce depends upon nature of gas or vapor
.
1.Neon: orange-red
. light
2.Mercury vapor: bluish
3.Sodium vapor: orange-yellow
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 LECTURE 5 :TYPES OF DISCHARGE LAMP

Type-I: color of light is the same as produced by discharge through gas or

vapor.
Sodium vapor, mercury vapor, neon gas lamp
Type-II: Those lamps uses phenomenon of fluorescence k/as fluorescent
lamps. The discharge through the vapor produces UV waves which causes
fluorescence in certain material like phosphor. The inner layer of lamp is coated
with phosphor which absorbs invisible UV rays and radiates visible rays.
Fluorescent mercury vapor lamp.
. Demerits of Discharge Lamp
High initial cost
Poor power factor
Starting is difficult, requires starters or transformers in different cases
Time is needed to attain full brilliancy
These lamps have negative resistance, so ballast or choke are necessary
.
to maintain the current
Light output fluctuates at twice the supply freq. The flicker causes the
stroboscopic effect
They are suitable only for a particular position
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 LECTURE 5 : Sodium Vapor Lamp
Low luminosity
Needs large discharge path
Length of lamp is large & made in form of U tube.
Construction: Two oxide coated electrodes are sealed with the ends. The tube
contains little sodium and neon gas. The U tube is enclose in a double walled
vacuum flask to keep the temp within working range.
Working: Before starting, sodium is in the solid form, deposited on the sides of tube
wall. When switch is ON, it operates as a low pressure neon lamp with orange-red
color. The lamp gets warmed, sodium is vaporized and it radiates yellow light and
then after 10-15 minute it gives full light.
.

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 LECTURE 5 : IMPORTANT FEATURES
The under practical conditions is about 40-50 Lumens/Watt.
Available in 45,60,85,140 Watt rating
Average life=3000 hours and is not affected by voltage variations
At the end of this period, light o/p is reduced by 15%
Mainly used for highway and general outdoor lighting where color discrimination
is not required
To start the discharge, a striking voltage of 380-450V is required for 40-100Watt
lamp respectively.
These voltages are obtained from autotransformer and it falls as lamp starts
giving light .

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 LECTURE 5: High Pressure Mercury Vapor Lamp
Construction: It consist of two bulbs. An
arc tube containing electric discharge and
outer bulb which protects the arc tube
from changes in temp.
The inner or arc tube is made up of
quartz and outer bulb is of hard glass.
The arc tube contains small amount of
mercury and argon gas.
Along with two main electrodes, an
auxiliary starting electrode connected
.
through high resistance (50K) is also
provided. The main electrode is of
Tungsten coil with electron-emitting
coating.
Working: When supply in switch ON,
initial discharge for. few seconds is
established in argon gas between
auxiliary starting and neighboring main
electrode
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 LECTURE 5 : IMPORTANT FEATURES
The heat produce due to this discharge through the gas is sufficient to vaporize
mercury. Consequently the pressure inside the arc-tube increases. The P. D.
across main electrodes grows from 20 to 150V. The operation takes about 5-7
min. during this time, discharge is established through the mercury vapor
emitting greenish-blue light.
Choke is provided to limit the current to safe value.
Choke lowers the p.f. so capacitor is provided.

The is 30-40 Lumens/Watt

Available in 250W . and 400W rating for use on 200-250V AC
Used for general industrial lighting, railway yards, ports, work areas,
shopping centers etc. where greenish-blue light is not objectionable.
Mercury Iodide Lamp
Similar in construction to HPMV lamp but no. of iodides are added which
fills gaps in the .light spectrum and thus improves light characteristics.
A separate ignition device is required in addition to choke
An of 75-90 Lumens/Watt is obtained
Suitable for flood-lighting, industrial lighting, public lighting
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 LECTURE 6: NEON LAMP

It is a cold cathode lamp consist

of glass bulb filled with neon
gas with small % of helium.
Helium & Neon through colored
glass tubing produces a variety
of effects
The electrodes are in the form
of iron shells & are coated on
inside. The high leakage
.
reactance transformer stabilizes
the arc in the lamp. The
capacitor improves the power
factor. High voltage is used for
starting.
.
An is 15-40 Lumens/Watt
Used as indicator lamp, night
lamp
Used for advertising in large
sized neon tubes 26

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 LECTURE 6: Fluorescent Tube (Lamp)
It is low pressure mercury vapor lamp
Due to low pressure, lamp is in the form of long tube, coated inside with phosphor
Consist of small amount of mercury argon gas at a pressure of 2.5mm of mercury.
Tungsten electrodes are placed at the ends of the tube coated with an electron
emitting material.
Choke is connected in series with the tube filament. It provides voltage impulse for
starting the lamp and acts as a ballast later on when lamp is lighting.
A filament is connected to a starter which is a small cathode glow lamp with
bimetal strip at the electrod
.

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 LECTURE 6 : WORKING OF FLUORESCENT LAMP
When supply is switched ON, the potential across the bimetallic electrode
causes a small glow discharge at a small current not enough to heat up the
tube electrodes (filament). But this discharge is enough to heat the bimetallic
strip of the switch causing them to bend & make contact. The result is a large
current through electrodes, their temp being raised to incandescent and the
gas in the immediate neighborhood is ionized. After 1-2 sec the bimetallic
strip cools down and contacts gets open. This opening of contact in series
with the choke causes a momentary high voltage, which is sufficient to start
the discharge in the main tube. The starter ceases to glow now as the voltage
is too low now . Important Features of Fluorescent Tube

Obtained in variety of lengths

The is 40 Lumens/Watt
.
Illumination in variety of colors
High lighting intensities without excessive temp rise.

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 LECTURE 7 : LIGHTING SCHEMES
Specular Reflection: When light falls on polished (mirror) metallic or silvered
surface, most of it is reflected back according to law of reflection.
Angle of incidence=angle of reflection
Only a small portion of light is absorbed and image of source can be viewed by
viewer. Such a reflection is k/as specular reflection.
Diffuse reflection: If the light is incident on coarse surface like paper, frosted
glass, painted ceiling then it is scattered in all directions . Hence no image of
source is formed. Such reflection is called Diffuse reflection.
The reflection from any surface is partly specular and partly diffuse, the
proportion varying .widely. A surface almost free from mirror reflection is k/as a
Mat Surface.
Requirement of good lighting:
Provides visual comfort
Enhances of workman
Reflected glare is to
. be avoided
Light sources should be properly shielded by luminaries and mounted above
the normal line of sight.

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 LECTURE 7 :TYPES OF LIGHTING SCHEMES
Direct lighting
Semi-direct lighting
Semi-indirect lighting
Indirect lighting
General diffuse lighting

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 LECTURE 7 : LIGHTING SCHEMES
Most commonly used type of lighting
More than 90% of total light flux is made to fall directly on the working plane with
the. help of deep reflectors
Though most efficient, liable to cause glare and hard shadows
Mainly used for industrial and general outdoor lighting
General Diffuse Lighting
Lamps are made of diffusing glass which gives nearly equal illumination in all
directions.

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 LECTURE 7 : LIGHTING SCHEMES

Semi-direct Lighting
69-90% of total light flux is made to fall downwards directly with semi-
direct reflectors
Suited for rooms with high ceiling
Glare is avoided
Indirect lighting
More than 90% of total light flux is thrown upward to the ceiling for
diffuse reflection by using inverted or bowl reflectors. Ceiling acts as a
.
light source and glare is reduce to min.
Semi indirect lighting
60-90% of total light flux is made to fall downwards directly with the help
of reflectors. Mainly used for indoor light decoration purpose.

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LECTURE 7 : METHOD OF LIGHTING CALCULATION
:-
Watt/m2 method
Lumen or light flux method
Point-to-point or inverse square law
Watt/m2 method
It is very handy method for rough calculations/checking It consist of making
an allowance of watt/m2 of a area to be illuminated according to the
illumination desired on the assumption of an average figure of overall of
the system
Lumen or light flux method
It is applicable in case where the source of light are produce an
approximate uniform illumination over the working plane or where an
average value is required.

Total lumen received on working plane

=no. of lamps x wattage of each lamp x of each lamp(in terms of
lumens/watt) x co-efficient of utilization x maintenance factor

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 LECTURE 7:- Point-to-point or inverse square law method

This method is applicable where the illumination at a point due to one or

more sources of light is required, the candle power of the source in the
particular direction under consideration being known.

If two or more than two lamps are illuminating the same working plane, the
illumination due to each can be calculated (By polar curve of lamp and its
reflector) and added.

This method is not much used as it is complicated and cumbersome. It is

employed only in some special problems such as flood lighting, yard
lighting etc.

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 LECTURE 8:- Calculation of illumination

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 LECTURE 8:- Calcul Street Lighting

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 LECTURE 8:-

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 LECTURE8:-

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 LECTURE 9:-

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 LECTURE 9:-

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 LECTURE 9:-

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 LECTURE 10:-

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 LECTURE 10:-

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 LECTURE 10:-

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 LECTURE 10:-

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 LECTURE 1:-

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 THANK YOU

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 References Books:
Utilization of Electric Energy 1st Edition, 2006 E. Openshaw Taylor Orient Longman

Utilization of Electric Power & Edition, 2009 J.B. Gupta Kataria& Sons
Electric Traction

Art and Science of Utilization of H Partap DhanpatRai& Sons,

Electrical Energy Delhi

Utilisation of Electrical power 1st Edition, 2006 R. K. Rajput Laxmi Publications Pvt.
Ltd.

References Web:

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