2 .

PHYSICS
OF LIGHT
L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
WHAT IS...

LIGHT
LIGHT IS A FORM OF ENERGY PRODUCED BY A
LIGHT SOURCE. LIGHT IS MADE OF PHOTONS
THAT TRAVEL VERY FAST. PHOTONS OF LIGHT
BEHAVE LIKE BOTH WAVES AND PARTICLES.

Light is a form of energy that allows us to see.

LUMINOUS
OBJECTS

S U N .

F I R E .

L I G H T B U L B S .

NON-LUMINOUS
OBJECTS

C H A I R .

T A B L E .

Y O U .

LIGHTS WITH GREATER OR

LESSER WAVELENGTHS ARE
NOT VISIBLE TO HUMANS.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

RADIO WAVES ULTRAVIOLET

VISIBLE LIGHT
X-RAY
MICROWAVES

INFRARED GAMMA RAYS

too slow. too fast.

 2 . 4 . 1

INVERSE
SQUARE
LAW
REPORTER: MICHAEL ANJELO A. REYES
 SNELL'S LAW OR SNELL–DESCARTES LAW, IS A
FORMULA USED TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE ANGLES OF INCIDENCE AND
REFRACTION, WHEN REFERRING TO LIGHT OR OTHER
WAVES PASSING THROUGH A BOUNDARY BETWEEN TWO
SNELL'S LAW

DIFFERENT ISOTROPIC MEDIA, SUCH AS WATER,

GLASS, OR AIR. THE LAW IS NAMED AFTER DUTCH
ASTRONOMER WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS (SNELL)

HE WAS A DUTCH ASTRONOMER AND MATHEMATICIAN,

AKA SNELL. HIS NAME IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED
WITH THE LAW OF REFRACTION OF LIGHT KNOWN AS
SNELL'S LAW.

BORN: JUNE 13, 1580, LEIDEN,

NETHERLANDS
DIED: OCTOBER 30, 1626, LEIDEN,
NETHERLANDS

WILLEBRORD SNELLIUS
REFRACTION IS THE BENDING OF LIGHT (WHICH ALSO OCCURS WITH SOUND,
WATER, AND OTHER WAVES) WHEN IT TRAVELS THROUGH ONE
TRANSPARENT MEDIUM AND INTO ANOTHER.

REFLECTION A PHENOMENON OF RETURNING LIGHT FROM THE SURFACE OF AN

OBJECT WHEN THE LIGHT IS INCIDENT ON IT

INTERFERENCE IS THE PHENOMENON OF NUMEROUS LIGHT WAVES INTERACTING

WITH ONE ANOTHER UNDER PARTICULAR CONDITIONS, CAUSING

THE AGGREGATE AMPLITUDES OF THE WAVES TO RISE OR

DECREASE.
DIFFRACTION LIGHT HAS THE ABILITY TO BEND AROUND EDGES. AS LIGHT
GOES AROUND AN EDGE OR THROUGH A SLIT, IT BENDS.

 INVERSE SQUARE LAW GRAVITY The inverse square law is also applicable to
the force of gravity. This means that the
strength of the gravitational force
decreases with distance. This is because
the same amount of gravitational energy is
spread out over a larger area as the
distance from the source increases.

Electric fields are likewise subject to the

ELECTRIC inverse square law. This indicates that the
OTHER intensity of an electric field decreases as
one moves away from it. This is due to the

APPLICATIONS fact that as one's distance from the source

grows, the same quantity of electric energy
is spread out across a larger space. This
means that when one moves away from the
source, the electric field weakens. This
explains why the electric force between
two things reduces with increasing
distance

RADIATION Inverse Square Law states that the

intensity of radiation emitted from a source
decreases with the inverse of the squared
distance from the source. In other words, if
the distance from the source is doubled,
the intensity of the radiation is reduced to
one-fourth of its original intensity. This law
applies to any type of radiation, including
light, sound, and electromagnetic radiation
such as radio waves or x-rays.
MATHEMATICAL
EXPLANATION
REPORTER: MICHAEL ANJELO A. REYES
 2 . 4 . 2

QUANTITY
OF
LIGHT
L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
 The quantity of light refers to the
amount of light energy that is present in
a given space or that is emitted by a
light source.
 The quantity of light is influenced by
several factors such as the intensity of
the light source, the distance from the
source, and the characteristics of the
medium through which the light travels.
 light is a form of electromagnetic
radiation that travels in waves,
exhibiting both wave-like and particle-
like behavior. It travels through space
and different types of media, and its
speed can vary depending on the
properties of the medium.
several factors that can affect the
quantity of light in a given space

DISTANCE FROM THE LIGHT SOURCE

LIGHT ABSORPTION BY MATERIALS

IN THE ENVIRONMENT
REFLECTION OF LIGHT

REFRACTION OF LIGHT

LIGHT SCATTERING

LIGHT SOURCE TYPE

DISTANCE FROM THE LIGHT SOURCE

THE INTENSITY OF LIGHT

DECREASES WITH DISTANCE FROM
THE SOURCE. THIS IS BECAUSE
THE SAME AMOUNT OF LIGHT IS
SPREAD OVER A LARGER AREA AS
IT MOVES AWAY FROM THE SOURCE,
RESULTING IN LOWER INTENSITY.

LIGHT ABSORPTION BY MATERIALS

IN THE ENVIRONMENT

MATERIALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT,

SUCH AS WALLS, FLOORS, AND
FURNITURE, CAN ABSORB SOME OF
THE LIGHT THAT FALLS ON THEM,
REDUCING THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT
THAT IS REFLECTED AND
AVAILABLE FOR USE. THE DEGREE
OF ABSORPTION DEPENDS ON THE
MATERIAL'S COLOR, TEXTURE, AND
OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.

REFLECTION OF LIGHT

SOME MATERIALS, SUCH AS

MIRRORS AND SHINY SURFACES,
CAN REFLECT LIGHT AND INCREASE
THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT IN A
SPACE. THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE
AND ANGLE OF REFLECTION ALSO
AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT
REFLECTED.

REFRACTION OF LIGHT

WHEN LIGHT PASSES THROUGH A

MEDIUM WITH A DIFFERENT
REFRACTIVE INDEX, SUCH AS A
WINDOW OR A LENS, IT CAN
CHANGE DIRECTION AND BEND.
THIS CAN AFFECT THE AMOUNT OF
LIGHT THAT ENTERS A SPACE, AS
WELL AS ITS DIRECTION AND
INTENSITY.

LIGHT SCATTERING

LIGHT CAN ALSO SCATTER WHEN IT

ENCOUNTERS PARTICLES IN THE
AIR, SUCH AS DUST, SMOKE, OR
FOG. THIS CAN AFFECT THE
DIRECTION AND INTENSITY OF THE
LIGHT, AS WELL AS ITS COLOR
AND OVERALL APPEARANCE.

LIGHT SOURCE TYPE

DIFFERENT LIGHT SOURCES HAVE

DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS THAT
CAN AFFECT THE QUANTITY OF
LIGHT IN A SPACE. FOR EXAMPLE,
LED LIGHTS ARE MORE ENERGY-
EFFICIENT THAN INCANDESCENT
BULBS, BUT THEY MAY HAVE A
DIFFERENT COLOR TEMPERATURE
AND EMIT LIGHT IN DIFFERENT
DIRECTIONS.

QUANTITY

Light quantity is important for a

variety of reasons, including
maintaining good health and well-
being, promoting safety, and
OF improving productivity. Adequate
lighting can help to regulate our
sleep-wake cycle, reduce the risk
of accidents and injuries, increase
feelings of safety and security, and
improve performance and
productivity.

LIGHT
QUANTITY

Overall, the quantity of light in a

given space is influenced by a
combination of these factors, and it
is important to consider them
OF when designing lighting systems or
selecting lighting products for a
particular application.

LIGHT
REPORTER. MONGAYA, JOHN CARLO D.
 2 . 5 . 1

LIGHT SOURCES:
THEIR
CHARACTERISTICS
AND APPLICATION
L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
 LIGHT SOURCES:
THEIR CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION

CHARACTERISTICS
1. LIGHT IS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE.
2. LIGHT TRAVELS IN A STRAIGHT LINE.
3. LIGHT IS A TRANSVERSE WAVE, AND DOES NOT NEED ANY MEDIUM TO TRAVEL.
LIGHT CAN TRAVEL THROUGH VACCUM. ITS SPEED THROUGH VACCUM IS 3 × 108
M/S.
4. THE VELOCITY OF LIGHT CHANGES WHEN IT TRAVELS FROM ONE MEDIUM TO
ANOTHER.
5. THE WAVELENGTH (Λ) OF LIGHT CHANGES WHEN IT GOES FROM ONE MEDIUM TO
ANOTHER.
6. THE FREQUENCY (F) OF THE LIGHT WAVE REMAINS THE SAME IN ALL MEDIA.
7. LIGHT GETS REFLECTED BACK FROM POLISHED SURFACES, SUCH AS MIRRORS,
POLISHED METAL SURFACES, ETC.
8. LIGHT UNDERGOES REFRACTION (BENDING) WHEN IT TRAVELS FROM ONE
TRANSPARENT MEDIUM TO ANOTHER.

 A P P L I C A T I O N

The primary application of light is

that it enables us to see everything
around us and study distant
objects in space.
 2.5.1

INCANDESCENT
LAMP
L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
 INCANDESCENT LAMP.| 2.5.1

WHAT IS
INCANDESCENT
LAMP ?

The incandescent lamp or light or bulb is an

electric light source that works through the
incandescence phenomenon that means the
light emission can be caused by filament heating.
INCANDESCENT
LAMP
CONSTRUCTION
INCANDESCENT
LAMP WORKING

An incandescent lamp mainly works on the

incandescence principle which means the light
can be generated through heat.
 INCANDESCENT LAMP
Types
incandescent light.
of

halogen lamp. gas-filled lamp.

INCANDESCENT LIGHT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 INCANDESCENT LIGHT

These lamps are not costly.

ADVANTAGES
It generates warmer colors.
OF
INCANDESCENT Light output is high.

LAMPS Manufacturing cost is less.

Easily dimmed with rheostats.

It turns on immediately.

In the winter seasons, these lights are very helpful

in increasing the room temperature.
 INCANDESCENT LIGHT

It is not energy efficient

The lamp lifetime is low as compared to other

DISADVANTAGES bulbs.

OF It is a warm light source, so needs to cool the

INCANDESCENT room if required

LAMPS It is very delicate, so we need to handle it very

carefully.

Not suitable for large areas.

It generates less lumen for each watt, about 5-20

lumens for every watt.
applications.
what is an example of incandescent light?
 2 . 5 . 2

FLUORESCENT
LAMP

L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
ABOUT
FLUORESCENT
LAMP
TYPE OF LAMP THAT USES ELECTRICITY TO EXCITE
MERCURY VAPOR IN ARGON OR NEON GAS, PRODUCING
SHORT-WAVE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT. THIS LIGHT THEN
CAUSES A PHOSPHOR TO FLUORESCE, PRODUCING
VISIBLE LIGHT.
PROS

energy efficiency
cost saving
long light life

CONS

mercury
limitations
buzzing sound
 2 . 5 . 3

HIGH INTENSITY
DISCHARGE (HD)
LAMP
L E T T H E R E B E L I G H T .
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

These lamps have inherently high efficacy and,

with appropriate color correction, can be utilized
in any application, indoor or outdoor, that does
not have critical color criteria.
MERCURY THESE LAMPS OPERATE BY PASSING AN ARC
THROUGH A HIGH-PRESSURE MERCURY VAPOR CONTI

LAMPS LINES IN AN ARC TUBE MADE OF QUARTZ OR

GLASS.

reflector lamp.
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

COLOR SUFFIX
IN ORDERING ABBREVIATION
This action produces light in both the ultraviolet
region (as in the low-pressure fluorescent lamp
tube) and in the visible region, principally in the
blue-green band . This color is characteristic of
the clear mercury lamp.

DX- Deluxe White

N- Style-Tone

R- Beauty Lite

No suffix- Clear (non-

phosphor coated)
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

DESCRIPTIVE
SYMBOLS

B- Black Light
FF- Frosted Face
G- General Lighting
W- Wide Beam
RF- Reflector Flood
S- Street Lighting
VW- Very Wide Beam
 LAMP
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

DESIGNATION
The American National Standard Institute
(ANSI) adopted a simplified code some time
(HD) LAMP

ago that is now used by all manufacturers.

This code has five parts and is best
illustrated by example. Lamp designation

H3B mp 100 OX indicates:

H- mercury lamp
38- Ballast number
MP- indicates lamp physical characteristics
100- lamp wattage
OX- Identifies phosphor. glass coating, or
coloring. Optional with each manufacturer.
Lack of a letter indicates a clear lamp.
 LAMP LIFE
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
(HD) LAMP

Lamp life is extremely long, averaging

24,000 hours based on 10 burning hours per
start. Mercury lamps are not suitable for
applications that are subject to constant
switching: Therefore, a long period of burning
per start was selected.
 COLOR
CORRECTION AND
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

EFFICACY
(HD) LAMP

These are added because the blue-green

light distorts almost all colors. The outer bulb
is coated with phosphors that are excited by
the UV light and are reradiated generally in
the red band, which is entirely absent in the
basic lamp color.
 BALLAST
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE
(HD) LAMP

Ballasts are required, as with all arc

discharge lamps, to start the lamp and
thereafter to control the arc. The basic
ballast is simply a reactor that controls the
arc after the discharge has been initiated.
 DIMMING
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

Dimming of mercury tamps is possible and

entirely practicable with the use of dimming
ballast and solid-state dimming control.
(HD) LAMP

These are available for 400-. 700-, and

1000- W units and, unlike the case of
fluorescents, dimming is a desirable and
economical control means.
 APPLICATION
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE

Mercury-vapor lamps are applicable to

indoor and outdoor use with proper attention
(HD) LAMP

to color and fixture brightness. Indoor

application is generally limited to mounting 1
0 AFF or higher to avoid glare problems and
to permit adequate area coverage. Use in
industrial spaces and stores is common.
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

SPECIAL MERCURY LAMPS

In an attempt to satisfy the desire for a small

lamp to take the place of incandescent in interior
fixtures, manufacturers have made available
mercury lamps in 40-, 50-, 75-, 100-, and 175-W
sizes, in deluxe white and other color-corrected
designs.
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP
METAL HALIDE LAMPS
This is basically a mercury lamp that has been altered by
the addition to the arc-tube of halides of metals such as
thallium, indium, or sodium. The addition of these salts
causes light to be radiated at frequencies other than the
basic mercury colors and increases efficacy, but reduces
the life and reduces lumen maintenance to 60% at two-
thirds life.

A brief comparison between the two lamps;

 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM (HPS) LAMPS

Construction is quite different from that of mercury and

metal-halide lamps and, although it operates as an arc
discharge unit, its excellent characteristics stem from the
spectral absorption phenomenon of the contained sodium
under high pressure. The resultant light is a yellow-tinted
color, similar to that of warm white fluorescent lamps.
 HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HD) LAMP

LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMPS

This lamp, also referred to as SOX. produces light

of sodium's characteristic monochromatic deep
yellow color, making it inapplicable for general
lighting. Because of its very high efficacy of over
150 lumens per watt including ballast loss, it can
be applied wherever color is not an important
criteria.
...and there was light.

thank you for listening | Group 5

 QUIZ time
1. it explains how light bends when it passes
through different materials, such as air and
water.
2. give one (1) factor that can affect the quantity
of light in a given space
3. type of lamp that uses electricity to excite
mercury vapor in argon or neon gas, producing
short-wave ultraviolet light.
4. lights with greater or lesser wavelengths are
visible to humans.
5. These lamps have inherently high efficacy and,
with appropriate color correction, can be
utilized in any application, indoor or outdoor,
that does not have critical color criteria.
THANK YOU!
REPORTER.

MONGAYA, JOHN CARLO D.

BUENVIAJE, ROSE VANESSA
CABACUNGAN, TRIXIA
SISON, ELIZA
DE LEON, JOHN CHLOI
REYES, MICHAEL ANJELO