Lights and waves

ASIDE FROM MATTER, THE UNIVERSE IS ALSO

MADE UP OF ENERGY. ENERGY IS ALWAYS
CONSERVED ACCORDING TO THE
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.
TWO TYPES OF WAVES
MECHANICAL WAVE - IS A WAVE THAT IS AN
OSCILLATION OF MATTER, AND THEREFORE
TRANSFERS ENERGY THEOUGH A MEDIUM .

ELECTORMAGNETIC WAVE – ARE WAVES THAT ARE

CREATED AS A RESULT OF VIBRATIONS BETWEEN AN
ELECTRIC FIELD AND A MAGNETIC FIELD. IN OTHER
WORDS THIS WAVES ARE COMPOSED OF OSCILLATING
MAGNETIC FIELD AND ELECTRIC FIELD.
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS OF WAVES
REFRACTION - IS THE PROPERTY OF LIGHT, AS A
VISUALLY OBSERVED, TO BEND ON THE
INTERFACE OF TWO MEDIA WITH DIFFERENT
DENSITIES.

MAGNIFICATION THEREFORE IS A
COMBINATION OF TRANSMISSION AND
REFRACTION OF LIGHT THROUGH LENS
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS OF WAVES
REFLECTION – IS A BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT TO
CHANGE DIRECTION WHEN HITTING SURFACES
OF OBJECTS SUCH THAT IT WILL RETURN TO THE
MEDIUM WHERE IT CAME FROM.

REFLECTION IS ALSO THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND

THE IMAGES FORMED BY MIRRORS. SEEING
COLORS IS THE COMBINATION OF REFLECTION
AND ABSORPTION.
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS OF WAVES
TRANSMISSION – ONLY TRANSPARENT OBJECTS CAN
TRANSMIT LIGHT. WHEN LIGHT PASS THROUGH A
TRANSPARENT MATERIAL TWO THINGS HAPPEN. EITHER
THEY PASS THROUGH UNREFRACTED OR THEY PASS
THROUGH REFRACTED

DIFFRACTION – IS THE APPARENT BENDING OF

LIGHT AROUND OBSTACLES.
PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIORS OF WAVES
FREQUENCY – THE NUMBER OF WAVES (AS
WAVELENGHT) PASSING THROUGH A POINT IN A
UNIT TIME. AND IT HAS A UNIT OF CYCLES PER
SECOND OR HERTZ
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES ARE WAVES THAT DO
NOT NEED A MEDIUM TO PROPAGATE.
THE TWO COMPONENTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES ARE THE: ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS AND
MAGNETIC COMPONENTS.
 MICHAEL FARADAY
ACCORDING TO HIM ELECTRICITY CAN BE INDUCED
WHEN A CONDUCTOR IS PASSED THROUGH A
MAGNETIC FIELD. HE STATED THIS AFTER HE
SUCCESSFULLY PROVED THIS THEORY IN AN
EXPERIMENT IN 1821. HE DISCOVERED ON HIS
EXPERIMENT THAT THE INDUCED ELECTRICITY IS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD LINES.
PRIOR TO FARADAY’S WORK
WORKS ON ELECTRICITY WERE DONE BY SUCH
FAMOUS PERSONALITIES AS BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN, HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED, JEAN
BAPTISTE BIOT, AND FELIX SAVART.
 PRIOR TO FARADAY’S WORK
IT WAS THE WORKS OF HANS CHRISTIAN ORSTED THAT WERE
THE FOUNDATION OF FARADAY’S WORK. ORSTED DISCOVERED IN
1820 THAT AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR BY SWITCHING ON AND
OFF THE CURRENT, HAD DEFLECTED COMPASS NEEDLES FROM ITS
NORTHERN ORIENTATION.

THIS SHOW THAT AN ELECTRIC CURRENT CREATES A MAGNETIC

FIELD SURROUNDING THE CONDUCTOR.
PRIOR TO FARADAY’S WORK
AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME FELIX SAVART AND
JEAN BAPTISTE BIOT DEVELOPED A
MATHEMATICAL EQUATION ON THE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND
ELECTRICAL FIELDS WHICH BECOMES TO BE
KNOWN AS THE BIOT-SAVART LAW.
 PRIOR TO FARADAY’S WORK
INTERACTIONS OF BODIES BEARING CHARGES WERE
INVESTIGATED
BY CHARLES AUGUTIN DE COULOMB. AND FOUND THAT
LIKE CHARGES WILL REPEL EACH OTHER AND UNLIKE
CHARGES WILL ATTRACT EACH OTHER. COULUMB
HOWEVER DID NOT ACKNOWLEDGE THAT ELECTRICITY
AND MAGNETISM HAVE ANY RELATIONSHIP.
 DID YOU KNOW THAT ?
HELLO WORD : IS THE FIRST WORD EVER IN
TELEPHONE. AND IT WAS THE NAME OF THE
GIRLFRIEND OF ALEXANDER GRAHAM BELL
 LIGHT
LIGHT IS THE ONLY THING THAT WE SEE

DESCARTES EXPLAINED THAT LIGHT BEHAVE LIKE A

WAVE AND THAT IT CHANGES SPEED AND
DIRECTION AS IT ENTERS A MEDIUM OF DIFFERENT
DENSITY. BUT HE INCORRECT ASSUMED THAT LIGHT
TRAVELS FASTER IN A DENSER MEDIUM.
 LIGHT
NEWTON DESCRIBED THE BEHAVIOR OF LIGHT
BY ASSUMING THAT LIGHT ARE PARTICLES AND
POSTULATED THAT THE LIGHT ACCELERATES
AND CHANGES AS IT ENTERS A DENSER MEDIUM
BECAUSE THE PULL OF GRAVITY IS GREATER.
 LIGHT
SOME PROPERTIES OF LIGHT, HOWEVER, CANNOT
BE EXPLAINED BY BOTH THEORIES. IN SOME
INSTANCES ONLY ONE THEORY CAN BE USED AND
NOT THE OTHER IN EXPLAINING THESE
PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIORS. FOR EXAMPLE
PARTICLE THEORY CAN EXPLAIN THE PROPERTIES
OF REFRACTION AND DIFFRACTION BUT CAN ONLY
PREDICT REFLECTION AND NOT EXPLAIN IT.
 LIGHT
SOME PROPERTIES OF LIGHT, HOWEVER, CANNOT
BE EXPLAINED BY BOTH THEORIES. IN SOME
INSTANCES ONLY ONE THEORY CAN BE USED AND
NOT THE OTHER IN EXPLAINING THESE
PROPERTIES OR BEHAVIORS. FOR EXAMPLE
PARTICLE THEORY CAN EXPLAIN THE PROPERTIES
OF REFRACTION AND DIFFRACTION BUT CAN ONLY
PREDICT REFLECTION AND NOT EXPLAIN IT.
 THE PARTICLE THEORY
THE PARTICLE THEORY WAS FORWADED BY
PIERRE GASSENDI. HIS WORK WAS LATER
STUDIED BY NEWTON AND CREATED HIS OWN
THEORY THAT LIGHT IS MADE UP OF
CORPUSCLES.
THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
IT WAS BEGAN WITH ROBERT HOOKE. HE
SUGGESTED THAT THE VIBRATION OF LIGHT
WAVES IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE DIRECTION
OF ITS PROPAGATIONOR A SINE WAVE.
THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
CHRISTIAN HUYGENS HE DERIVED A
MATHEMATICAL EQUATION FOR THE WAVE OF
LIGHT. HE SUGGESTED THAT LIKE CORPUSCULAR
THEORY LIGHT IS PROPAGATED IN ALL
DIRECTIONS, BUT NOT AS CORPUSCLES, BUT A
SERIES OF WAVES.
THE WAVE THEORY OF LIGHT
THOMAS YOUNG HE SHOWED THAT LIGHT DOES
BEHAVE LIKE SOUND WAVES AND INTERFERE
WITH EACH OTHER IN A PHENOMENON
KNOWN AS INTERFERENCE. THERE ARE TWO
TYPE OF INTERFERENCE IT CAN BE
CONSTRUCTIVE OR DESTRUCTIVE.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY
ENERGY = hf

WHERE;
h= 6.626x10^-34 j.s planck’s constant
f=requency
 Max Planck’s
SINCE FREQUENCY IS INVERSELY RELATED TO
THE WAVELENGTH WITH THE SPEED OF LIGHT
AS THE PROPORTIONALITY CONSTANT BY
EQUATION.

f=c/wavelength
where c= speed of light = 3x10^8 m/s
 Derivation of formula
E=hc/wavelength
As we can form this equation, the higher the frequency
of EM waves, the higher is its energy. In visible light,
the frequency increases from red to violet. Therefore
red light has the lowest energy (IR) and violet has the
highest energy (UV).
 James Clerk Maxwell
THE WORK OF FARADAY WAS THE INSPIRATION
OF JAME WAXWELL HE SUDDEN DISCOVER THE
PROPAGATION OF AETHER WHERE LIGHT CAN
PASS THROUGH SPACE EVEN IN THE ABSENCE OF
A MEDIUM.