PEMICU 1

FUTSAL BIKIN
KESAL
1.MM. Anatomi Sendi Ekstremitas Atas dan Bawah
2.MM. Fisiologi Otot (Kontraksi dan Kerja Otot)
3.MM. Histologi Otot
4.MM. Kelainan Otot ,Sendi, dan Tendon pada Lutut
5.MM. Pemeriksaan Fisik & Penunjang
6.MM. Tatalaksana (Farmako & Non Farmako)
7.MM. Pencegahan
MM. Anatomi Sendi
Ekstremitas Atas dan
Bawah
Sobotta 23rd Edition
Sobotta 23rd Edition
Sobotta 23rd Edition
Sobotta 23rd Edition
Sobotta 23rd Edition
MM. Fisiologi Otot
(Kontraksi dan
Kerja Otot)
MM. Histologi Otot
MM. Kelainan Otot
,Sendi, dan Tendon
pada Lutut
 Ajointdislocation,orluxation,occurs when there is
an abnormal separation in the joint, where two or more bones meet. A partial
dislocation is referred to as a subluxation. Dislocations are often caused by
sudden trauma on the joint like an impact or fall. A joint dislocation can
cause damage to the surrounding ligaments, tendons, muscles,
and nerves. Dislocations can occur in any joint major (shoulder, knees, etc.)
or minor (toes, fingers, etc.). The most common joint dislocation is a
shoulder dislocation.

1.Dislocations. Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital at Stanford. Retrieved 3/3/2013.

2.Smith, R. L., & Brunolli, J. J. (1990). Shoulder kinesthesia after anterior glenohumeral joint dislocation. Journal
Of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 11(11), 507-513.
A traumatic dislocation of the tibiotarsal joint of the
ankle with distal fibular fracture. Open arrow marks
the tibia and the closed arrow marks the talus.
CAUSES
Joint dislocations are caused by trauma to the joint or when an individual falls on a
specific joint. Great and sudden force applied, by either a blow or fall, to the joint
can cause the bones in the joint to be displaced or dislocated from normal position.
With each dislocation, the ligaments keeping the bones fixed in the correct position
can be damaged or loosened, making it easier for the joint to be dislocated in the
future.

SYMPTOMS
Intense Pain
Joint instability
Deformity of the joint area
Reduced muscle strength
Bruising or redness of joint area
Difficulty moving joint
Stiffness
 Achilles tendinitis
is a common condition that causes pain along the back of the leg near the heel. The Achilles tendon is
the largest tendon in the body. It connects your calf muscles to your heel bone and is used when you
walk, run, and jump.
Although the Achilles tendon can withstand great stresses from running and jumping, it is also prone to
tendinitis, a condition associated with overuse and degeneration.

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon

p://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00147
 Simply defined, tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon.
Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury or disease,
and often causes swelling, pain, or irritation. There are two types
of Achilles tendinitis, based upon which part of the tendon is
inflamed.

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon

p://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00147

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon
p://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00147
Noninsertional Achilles Tendinitis
In noninsertional Achilles tendinitis, fibers in
the middle portion of the tendon have begun
to break down with tiny tears (degenerate),
swell, and thicken.
Tendinitis of the middle portion of the
tendon more commonly affects younger,
active people.
Insertional Achilles Tendinitis
Insertional Achilles tendinitis involves the
lower portion of the heel, where the tendon
attaches (inserts) to the heel bone.
In both noninsertional and insertional
Achilles tendinitis, damaged tendon fibers
may also calcify (harden). Bone spurs (extra
bone growth) often form with insertional
Achilles tendinitis.
Tendinitis that affects the insertion of the
tendon can occur at any time, even in
patients who are not active.
 Achilles tendinitis is typically not related to a specific injury. The problem results
from repetitive stress to the tendon. This often happens when we push our
bodies to do too much, too soon, but other factors can make it more likely to
develop tendinitis, including:

Sudden increase in the amount or intensity of exercise activityfor example,

increasing the distance you run every day by a few miles without giving your body
a chance to adjust to the new distance
Tight calf musclesHaving tight calf muscles and suddenly starting an
aggressive exercise program can put extra stress on the Achilles tendon
Bone spurExtra bone growth where the Achilles tendon attaches to the heel
bone can rub against the tendon and cause pain

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon

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 Common symptoms of Achilles tendinitis include:
Pain and stiffness along the Achilles tendon in the morning
Pain along the tendon or back of the heel that worsens with activity
Severe pain the day after exercising
Thickening of the tendon
Bone spur (insertional tendinitis)
Swelling that is present all the time and gets worse throughout the day with
activity
If you have experienced a sudden "pop" in the back of your calf or heel, you
may have ruptured (torn) your Achilles tendon. See your doctor immediately if
you think you may have torn your tendon.

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon

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 Tests
Your doctor may order imaging tests to make sure your symptoms are caused by Achilles
tendinitis.

X-rays
X-ray tests provide clear images of bones. X-rays can show whether the lower part of the
Achilles tendon has calcified, or become hardened. This calcification indicates insertional
Achilles tendinitis. In cases of severe noninsertional Achilles tendinitis, there can be
calcification in the middle portion of the tendon, as well.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not necessary to diagnose Achilles
tendinitis, it is important for planning surgery. An MRI scan can show how severe the
damage is in the tendon. If surgery is needed, your doctor will select the procedure based
on the amount of tendon

erican Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeon

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 Differential Diagnoses

Ankle Fracture in Sports Medicine

Ankle Impingement Syndrome
Ankle Sprain
Athletic Foot Injuries
Calcaneofibular Ligament Injury
Calcaneus Fractures
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
Talofibular Ligament Injury

p://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309393-differential
Achilles Tendon Rupture is when the
achilles tendon breaks. The achilles is the most commonly
injured tendon. Rupture can occur while performing actions
requiring explosive acceleration, such as pushing off or
jumping. The male to female ratio for Achilles tendon
rupture varies between 7:1 and 4:1 across various studies.
The Achilles tendon is the strongest and thickest tendon in the body,
connecting the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris to the calcaneus.
It is approximately 15 centimeters (5.9 inches) long and begins near
the middle portion of the calf. Contraction of the gastrosoleus plantar
flexes the foot, enabling such activities as walking, jumping, and
running. The Achilles tendon receives its blood supply from its
musculotendinous junction with the triceps surae and its innervation
from the sural nerve and to a lesser degree from the tibial nerve.
[citation needed]
Causes
The Achilles tendon is most commonly injured by
sudden plantarflexion or dorsiflexion of the ankle, or by forced
dorsiflexion of the ankle outside its normal range of motion.
Other mechanisms by which the Achilles can be torn involve sudden
direct trauma to the tendon, or sudden activation of the Achilles
after atrophy from prolonged periods of inactivity. Some other common
tears can occur from overuse while participating in intense sports.
Twisting or jerking motions can also contribute to injury.
http://hq.afnews.af.mil/
 Fluoroquinolone antibiotics, famously ciprofloxacin, are known to
increase the risk of tendon rupture, particularly Achilles
People who commonly fall victim to Achilles rupture or tear include
recreational athletes, people of old age, individuals with previous
Achilles tendon tears or ruptures, previous tendon injections
or quinolone use, extreme changes in training intensity or activity level,
and participation in a new activity

Paul D.; Sturkenboom, Miriam C. J. M.; Herings, Ron M. C.; Leufkens, Hubert M. G.; Rowlands, Sam;
Stricker, Bruno H. Ch. (2003). "Increased Risk of Achilles Tendon Rupture With Quinolone Antibacterial Use,
Especially in Elderly Patients Taking Oral Corticosteroids". Archives of Internal Medicine 163 (15): 18017.
MM. Pemeriksaan
Fisik & Penunjang
MM. Tatalaksana
(Farmako & Non
Farmako)
MM. Pencegahan