ABSOLUTE AND

FUNCTIONAL EXTENSION
OF TERMS
 Universal Term
Term that applies to each and all of
the members of a class.

All, each, every, everything, whoever,

whatever, etc.

All S is P.
No S is P.
 Examples

All Filipinos are lovers of beauty.

 Universal expressions
Everything I do, I do it for you.

Whatever is good is worthdoing.

Each day I always think of you.

Whoever is not with me is against me.

Universal ideas
can be collective

Movies are good

means of relaxation

Artists are unique

people.
Universal ideas

the, a, an

The bible is the

greatest book of all
ages.
Universal ideas

A thing of beauty is
a joy forever.

An eye for an eye

is the law of the
jungle.
 Particular term
stands for an indefinite part of an
absolute extension

few, many, some, most, not all,

almost all

Some S is P.
Some S is not P.
 Particular terms
Few students are diligent in their studies.

Many politicians are corrupt.

Some magazines are pornographic

Not all movies are entertaining.

 Particular terms
Practically, all Filipino farmers are
poor.
 Singular term
stands for a single definite individual or
group

Proper nouns like: Erap Estrada, Edsa

Revolution, Banawe rice terraces
 Singular term
Nouns modified by adjectives in the
superlative degree like the greatest
Filipino hero, first, worst, most
beautiful, etc.

Demonstrative pronouns as they point

to a single individual or group. This
class, That lady, etc.
 Identify whether the following
propositions are universal or
particular.

Some historians are extremely gifted writers

whose works read like first-rate novels.

No athletes who have ever accepted pay for

participating in sports are amateurs.
 continue
All drivers of automobiles that are not
safe are desperadoes who threaten the
lives of their fellows.

Some members of families that are

rich and famous are not persons of either
wealth or distinction.
 Quality
If the proposition affirms some class
inclusion, whether complete or partial,
its quality is affirmative

A (Universal affirmative)(All S is P.)

I (Particular affirmative)(Some S is
P.)
 Quality
If the proposition denies class inclusion,
whether complete or partial, its quality is
negative.

E Universal negative propositions

(No S is P.)
O Particular negative propositions
(Some S is not P.)
 Quantity
Universal - All, no, propositions that
refer to all members of the class
designated by its subject term

Particular - Some, some are not ,

propositions that refer to some
members of the class designated by its
subject term
 Standard form Categorical
Propositions
Quantifier (Subject term) copula
(predicate term).

Some Roman emperors were monsters.

All squares are rectangles.
Some soldiers will not be heroes.
Thank you.