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Yohanes WH George
6 Key steps inOoxygen cascade
2
Cellular Mitochondria
use
OXYGENATION
Oxygenation
UDARA BEBAS:
PiO2 : 21% x 760 = 160 mmHg
PiCO2 : 0.04 % x 760 = 0.3 mmHg
ALVEOLUS
PiN2 : 78.6 % x 760 = 597mmHg
PiH2O : 0.46 % x 760 = 3.5 mmHg N2 H2O
KAPILER PARU
PAN2: PAH2O:
PROSES DIFUSI
573 mmHg 47 mmHg
a-v O2 gradient
PO2 100 40 = 60
50
25
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
80
20
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
80
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Critical PO2
Summary
Penurunan P50
Peningkatan affinitas (O2 berikatan lebih kuat dgn
Hb).
O.D.C. bergeser ke kiri.
Peningkatan P50
Penurunan affinitas (O2 berikatan lemah thd Hb)
O.D.C. Bergeser ke kanan
Four Things Change
Oxyhemoglobin Affinity
Inhibited
Unloading
Better
Unloading
Carbon Dioxide
Temperature
2,3-DPG
2,3-DPG merupakan glycolytic
intermediate
Konsentrasi paling banyak di eritrosit
2,3-DPG P50
2,3-DPG P50
2,3-DPG berhubungan dgn hipoksia
Kondisi-kondisi yg meningkatkan
konsentrasi 2,3-DPG
Berada di tempat tinggi.
COPD; emphysema.
anemia.
hyperthyroidism.
right to left shunt.
congenital heart disease.
pulmonary vascular disease.
DPG and O2 Carrying
Fresh Blood
VO2
CO =
CaO2-CvO2
`
O2ER
Hypoxemia
CO CO
VO2 VO2 n
PAW Hypovolemia
Heart Failure
Exercise PAW
Stress Anemia
Anxiety
PAP Obstruction
Adequacy:
Membandingkan nilai-nilai PaO2, SaO2,
CaO2 dan DO2 yang diukur dengan nilai
normal;
PaO2 = 80-100 mmHg
SaO2 = 97-99%
CaO2 = 16-20 mlO2/100 ml Blood
DO2 = 800-1000 ml O2/minute
Assessing the Adequacy and
Efficiency of Oxygenation
Efficiency;
P(A-a)O2, PAO2 PaO2, >> more difficult
PaO2/FiO2, normal > 250
PaO2/PAO2, normal > 0.75 (75%)
Percent shunt, normal 2-5%
The intrapulmonary shunt equation
CcO2 - CaO2
Qs/Qt =
CcO2 - CvO2
Hubungan Ventilasi (V) dan Perfusi (Q)
TRAKEA ANATOMICAL
DEAD SPACE
PHYSIOLOGICAL
DEAD SPACE
V/Q = ALVEOLAR
DEAD SPACE
KAPILER
PARU
V/Q > 1
V/Q = 1 NORMAL
V/Q < 1
VENOUS ADMIXTURE
V/Q = 0 (SHUNT)
SHUNT %
2-5% 10%
500
400
t
un
sh
PaO2 300
al
20%
rm
200 No
30%
100
50%
0 21 40 60 80 100
FiO2
TENKYU