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COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction
Fall Protection
Ladder Safety
Scaffold Safety
Working on roof
Safety equipment & devices

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INTRODUCTION Fall in
Construction
Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the
construction industry.

Most fatalities occur when employees fall from

open-sided floors and through floor openings.

Falls from as little as 1219 1828 MM can cause

serious lost-time accidents and sometimes death.

Over 40,000 deaths and disabling injuries result

from falls every year

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 HIGH INCIDENCES OF ACCIDENTS
WHILE WORKING AT HEIGHT
Miscellaneous
08%
Transport vehicle
16%

Electrocution
11%

Fall of Object
Fall of Person
08% 57 %
65 % ACCIDENTS ARE
DUE TO HEIGHT
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FATAL SUMMARY

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FACTORS INFLUENCE THE WORKING
AT HEIGHT

ENVIRONMENT
SKILL OF WORKMEN
PHYSICAL FITNESS
EXPERIENCE
QUALITY OF ENABLING MATERIALS
CONDITION OF MACHINARY
SELF DISCIPLINE OF INDIVIDUALS
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ACCINENT DO HAPPEN DUE TO

Approaching workplace Slipping & Falling

Improper staircase
Support failure
Loose material at floor edges
Unprotected floor edges
Improper material handling
Non usage of PPES
Poorly designed working platform
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 Fall Protection Planning

Lanyards in use

Fall protection systems and work practices

must be in place before you start work.
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Fall Protection Planning

Fall protection systems and work practices

must be in place before you start work. 9
10
FALL PREVENTION

Proactively prevent falls from happening

by using guardrails, warning lines, hole
covers .

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LADDER
S

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LADDER SAFETY OBJECTIVE

Identify safe and unsafe ladder practices

Describe correct practices when ascending

and descending a ladder

Describe correct practices for using

extension ladders

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LADDER SAFETY

Always:

Maintain three points of contact with the ladder

at all times

Maintain the center line of your body between

the ladders vertical support rails while working

Check bottom of shoes and ladder rungs for

grease and dirt

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LADDER SAFETY
Always:
Make sure ladder has non-skid pads
Test pullies, springs, rung locks and ropes on
extension ladders
Store ladders on their side or secure with a chain
or cable when stored in an upright position
One ladder, one person
Use both hands and face the ladder when
climbing up or down
Face ladder while working
Remain centered on the ladder and do not lean
to reach working surfaces; move the ladder to
reach these places. 15
 LADDER

PORTABLE
STOCK (SINGLE)
EXTENSION (2 or 3)
STEP (FLAT STEP)

BUILT-UP / FIXED
ROPE

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 3'

LANDING PLATFORM

LADDER

4A

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 LADDER
STOCK / SINGLE LADDER
Length (L) not more than 10
m
Distance between rungs
NOT LESS THAN 250 mm
L
NOT MORE THAN 300
mm 250 - 300

290 mm - 430 mm

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 LADDER

STEP LADDER
Shape of A, hinged at upper
end
Flat step at one end only &
other strut.
Overall height not more than
6 m & chained mid-way .
Do not use the top platform
of the stepladder unless
designed

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 LADDER

EXTENSION
LADDER
Overall length not to
exceed 18 m.
Min. of 36 overlapping is
required
Must be secured at top

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 LADDER
BUILT-UP / FIXED LADDER
Rung spacing 300 mm.
Rungs to be recessed at least 12
mm into rails
Not to exceed 6 m.
Distance between the inner face
of the fixed ladder.
290 mm for 3 m & 6 mm for
every 0.3 m increase in length.

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 LADDER

ROPE LADDER
Diameter of the rope not less than
25mm.
Planks forming the steps not less
than 38 mm thick.
Rope to pass through holes in rungs

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 LADDER
Do's
THE ANGLE SHOULD BE BETWEEN 65
- 750 TO THE HORIZONTAL (1 : 4)
four up, one down
STILES TO EXTEND AT LEAST 1 M ( 3
FT) ABOVE THE STEP-OFF POINT.
NO RUNG SHOULD BE MISSING.
IT SHOULD ALWAYS BE LACED AT
THE LEVEL OF THE PLATFORM.
IT SHOULD BE FIRM & FITTED WITH
A NON-SLIPPERY FOOT HOLD.
RUNGS SHALL BE CLEAR OF OIL /
GREASE etc.,

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 LADDER
Don'ts
USE MAKE-SHIFT LADDERS
ALLOW MORE THAN ONE PERSON AT A
TIME
FACE AWAY FROM THE LADDER WHILE
ASCENDING OR DESCENDING.
CARRY A LOAD THAT WILL PREVENT
BOTH HANDS FROM HOLDING RUNG
OVER-REACH ON A LADDER
HANG ANY TOOL FROM THE RUNGS
WORK HIGHER THAN 2 STEPS FROM THE
TOP OF THE LADDER.
NEVER USE HORIZONTALLY AS A WORK
PLATFORM.
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Few Dos & Donts

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 Few Dos & Donts

Do not use the top or top step

of a stepladder as a step 26
 Few Dos & Donts

If using ladders where the

employee or the ladder could
contact exposed energized
electrical equipment, they
must have nonconductive
siderails such as wood or
fiberglass.

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MISUSES OF LADDER

OPENING

OPENING

DRUM aaahh

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LADDER

No matter how quickly a job can be done,

there is always time to fall

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LADDER

Follow these four simple steps in

Ladder Safety:
Use the right ladder for the job
Inspect the ladder
Set-up the ladder properly
Follow rules for climbing and
using ladders

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SCAFFOLD
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 Scaffolding

SCAFFOLD
a temporary structure that
supports one or more platforms;
support workmen, plant and
materials during the construction,
maintenance, repairs and
demolition.
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 TYPES OF SCAFFOLD
Three basic types:
Supported scaffolds --
platforms supported by rigid,
load bearing members, such as
Standards, legs, frames, &
outriggers
Suspended scaffolds --
platforms suspended by ropes
or other non-rigid, overhead
support
Aerial Lifts --such as boom trucks
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 Scaffolding

COMPONENTS OF A GOOD SCAFFOLD

SOLE PLATE
BASE PLATE
STANDARDS
LEDGERS
TRANSOMS
BRACINGS
TIES
GUARD RAILS
TOE GUARD
LADDERS
MISCELLANEOUS i.e COUPLERS, PLANKS
etc., 34
Independent tied scaffold

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Putlog scaffold

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MOBILE SCAFFOLD

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TRUSS-OUT SCAFFOLD

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TRESTLE SCAFFOLD

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BIRD CAGE SCAFFOLD

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SLUNG SCAFFOLD

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 Scaffold Inspection
Competent person
inspects scaffolds
for visible defects
before each shift
and after any
alterations

Defective parts must

be immediately
repaired Deformed bearer

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 Scaffolding
COMMON HAZARDS IN SCAFFOLDING
Failure to secure the scaffold to the
building;
Failure to brace it adequately;
Inadequately supported scaffold board;
Erected on uneven ground;
Use of unsuitable or faulty materials;
Absence of suitable number of couplers;
Inadequate access or unsecured ladder;
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 Scaffolding
COMMON HAZARDS IN SCAFFOLDING
Inadequate or irregular platform width;
Overload of platform and scaffold;
Use of makeshift materials;
Gang ways obstructed.
Absence of toe boards and guard rails
where necessary;
Absence of good drainage system near the
standards to prevent erosion.
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 Scaffolding
Precautions to be taken:
Surface - firm, level and compacted.
Sole plates below the base plates.
Sole plate - at least two vertical pipes
and should extend 600 mm beyond the
vertical pipes.
Double pin to be provided at the coupler
joint.
Staging should be braced at every height of
6 m.
Sufficient diagonal bracing.
Minimum overhang 50 mm
Maximum overhang 4 times (thk of board ).
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 Scaffolding
Precautions to be taken
Mobile scaffold rest on firm ground and height
not more 4 times the least base dimension.
Metal Scaffold not to be erected in dangerous
proximity of any electrical transmission line.
While mobile scaffold is in use the wheel should
be suitably blocked.
Vertical pipes extended at least 1 Mt. above
work platform.

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SCAFFOLD INSPECTION AND TAGGING

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 SCAFFOLD INSPECTION AND
TAGGING

RED TAG GREEN TAG

Towers while Towers safe to use
erection. Certified by Form
Unsafe towers work in charge.
identified in weekly
inspection.
Ultimately unsafe
towers.

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WORKING
PLATFORM
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 WORK-PLATFORM
ADEQUATELY SECURED
NOT LESS THAN 200 MM WIDE AND & 50 MM THK
600 mm WHEN USED FOR PERSON
800 mm WHEN USED FOR PERSON & MATERIAL
OVERHANG
minimum 50 mm
maximum 4 times the thk of the board.
Allowable max. span between supports
38 MM thick plank 1.5 m
50 MM thick plank 2.6 m

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 Guardrails

Top Rail
Mid- Rail
Toeboard

Top rails between 1066 MM + 76 MM

Toeboards at least 100 MM high
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WORKING
ON
ROOF
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 WORKING ON ROOF

FOR WORKING OR WALKING SAFELY OVER ROOF;

FLAT ROOF WALKWAYS

FOR PITCH LESS THAN 10
DEGREES

ROOF LADDERS
FOR PITCH MORE THAN
10 DEGREES

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 WORKING ON ROOF

Falls occur ;
from edge of roofs
through gaps or holes in roofs
through fragile roof materials & roof lights
due to wind

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 WORKING ON ROOF

Prevent fall by
Perimeter edge protection (pitch more than 10 o)
Flat roof walkway / Crawling board / Roof ladder
safety nets
Fall harnesses used with running line system
short duration ( substitution).

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Roof edge protection

Max.470 mm

Max.gap 470 mm

Min 910mm
Min. ht 150 mm

Min width 600 mm

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Crawling board

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Few Do's & Donts

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DONTS

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DOS

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DONTS

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Few Dos & Donts

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DONTS

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Unprotected Sides & Edges

Unprotected edge

Unprotected sides and edges must

have guardrails or equivalent
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Sides & Edges - Improper Guarding

This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper

way to guard this open floor
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SAFETY EQUIPMENT &
DEVICES

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 SAFETY BELT
For more than 2.0 M height.
Lanyard to be anchored to a fixed point.
Free-fall not to exceed 1.80M
Lanyard not more than 2M.
(Reduced recently)

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SAFETY BELT

BELT:
Look for broken fibers, pulled or missing
stitches, cuts or chemical damage.
Bend the belt in inverted U. The surface
tension resulting makes damaged fibers or
cuts easier to see.
Follow this procedure the entire length of the
belt or harness.
Belts should not have additional, punched
holes. This area received heavy wear from
repeated buckling and unbuckling.

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SAFETY BELT
BUCKLES:
Look for any unusual wear, cut fibers, or
distortion of the buckles.
Look for distortion or sharp edges. Roller
should turn freely on frame.
Overlap the buckle frame and move freely
back and forth in their socket.

FRICTION BUCKLES:
Look for distortion. The outer bars and center
bars must be straight. Pay attention to corners
and attachment points of the center bar.

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FULL BODY SAFETY HARNESS

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 LIFE LINE
It is a static line
Used while moving at height.
Nylon / PP rope of 25 mm minimum.
Must facilitate shifting of lanyard.

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Safety Line Anchorages

Must be
independent of any
platform
anchorage and
capable of
supporting at least
2267 kgf. per
worker
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Life line with FALL ARRESTER

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FALL ARRESTER

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Use of fall arrester

Structural Erection

Rope Grab type Fall arrester

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RETRACTABLE TYPE
FALL ARRESTER

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To support a minimum 114 kgs
Minimum 16 MMdiameter fiber
( PP / Nylon rope ) having a
breaking strength of at least 2721
kgs
For height not more than 91 m
Wind speed less than 10 km / hr
Seat not less than 305 x 610 &
25.4 MM thick
Separate lifeline to be tied

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 SAFETY NET

SAFETY NETS PROTECTS;

Person from falling
Protect person working below material falling

Tie cord at every 1 mtr

Drop test - 180 kg from 1 mtr above the working area

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 ACCIDENTS CAN BE PREVENTED BY

Fall Prevention
:- by analyzing
SAFETY PLAN

JOB SAFETY ANALYSIS

Fall Protection
:-by equipment
USING PPES

SAFETY NET

FALL ARRESTER .
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CASE STUDY 1

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CASE STUDY - 1

Victim was engaged for chipping at inner side

of the shaft.
Victim entered the working platform inside the
shaft through the wall opening , with out safety
belt.
When the second workmen tried to climb to the
higher level platform he lost his balance and felt
down.
Due to his fall, the staging tilted and the victim
1 lost his balance and felt down.
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CASE STUDY -1

CAUSES.
Unsafe Platform.
Non.usage of PPEs
PREVENTION.
Provision for anchoring safety belt.
Proper Working platform.
System to monitor the required safe working
inside shaft.
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Thank you

LET US ALL PARTNER TOWARDS

AN INJURY-FREE WORKPLACE
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