VAMOS Evolution of GSM Voice

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 Content

1 VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2 VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3 Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

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 GSM Voice Evolution History Overview

Release98 and R5
enhancement

Sample FR Code HR Code EFR Code AMR-HR AMR-FR WB_AMR

Evolution Modulation frequency scope MOS
Rate Rate Rate Rate Code Rate Code Rate Code Rate
FR - 8KHZ 0.3kHZ-3.4kHZ 3.5 12.2 kbit/s 23.85 kbit/s
HR - 8KHZ 0.3kHZ-3.5kHZ 3.3 10.2 kbit/s 23.05 kbit/s
EFR - 8KHZ 0.3kHZ-3.6kHZ 4.0 7.95 kbit/s 7.95 kbit/s 19.85 kibt/s
GMSK 7.40 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s 18.25 kbit/s
AMR 8KHZ 0.3kHZ-3.7kHZ 4.1
/8PSK 13 kbit/s 6.70 kbit/s 6.70 kbit/s 15.85 kbit/s
GMSK 12.2 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 12.65 kbit/s
WB-AMR 16KHZ 50HZ-7kHZ 4.2
/8PSK
5.15 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 8.85 kbit/s
VAMOS AQPSK - - better than HR 5.6 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s 6.6 kibt/s

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 VAMOS Basic Concept

VAMOS paring

VAMOS is a technology for increasing GSM voice capacity. VAMOS Multiplexes a pair of users on the two
VAMOS SUBCHANNELS of a single physical radio resource, allowing up to FOUR USERS on each time slot.
In the downlink, the AQPSK high-order modulation scheme and orthogonal training sequence are used for
multiplexing. For Terminal, It should support SAIC technology.
In the uplink, the GMSK scheme is still used to modulate signals; two sub-channels use this TRAINING
SEQUENCE to orthogonally occupy a single voice channel, which is similar to 2*2 MIMO. As to interference
cancellation technologies (IRC/SIC/STIRC/JD) in BTS should be supported.

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 VAMOS Basic Principle

There are three key points in VAMOS downlink operation:

New TSC (Training Sequence Code)
-QPSK/AQPSK Modulation.
rotation (in AQPSK = /2)
** User A can be legacy terminals with SAIC; it adopt legacy TSC.
** User B can be VAMOS I or VAMOS II terminals, it adopt new TSC.

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 VAMOS Main Technologies AQPSK
Subchannel 2 Example 1 Distribution of the power to the two
subchannels is indicated by the length of
the colored vectors.
The ratio of power between the Q and I
Subchannel 1
channels is defined as the Subchannel
Power Imbalance Ratio (SCPIR)

Subchannel 2 Example 2

Subchannel 1
VAMOS Subchannels power control
feature is symmetric. One mobile is
allocated on SCPIR+4dB, the paired
mobile is allocated on SCPIR-4dB.
AQPSK Constellation Examples

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 VAMOS Main TechnologiesTSC(1)
Table 1:Legacy training sequence Set- Set1
TSC# Training sequence
0 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
2 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
3 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
4 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
The training sequences should preferably be
orthogonal to each other to guarantee the quality of
the channel estimates.
In order to improve the correlation properties a new
improved set of training sequences was specific in
Table 2,which based on computational simulation
work.

5 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
TSC Application Example:
User A and User B is VAMO pair.
6 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
User A choice TSC=0 in TSC Set 1,
7 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1
User B choice TSC=0 in TSC Set 2;

Table 2: New training sequence Set- Set 2

TSC# New Training Sequences
0 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1

1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1

2 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1

3 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1

4 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 TSC used in Downlink and Uplink.

1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
5
MS: SAIC filter out its call using TSC
6 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
7 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
TRX: IRC filter out each call using TSC

** 3GPP now are evaluated several candidate proposals for new Training sequence Code Sets, which are from
Huawei,
. Nokia, Motorola, China Mobile and so on.
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 VAMOS Main Technologies TSC (2)
The correlation properties of GSM training The correlation properties of GSM and new training
sequences (values in dB) sequences (values in dB)

The new set has the best correlation properties when paired with the original TSC with the same sequence number.
As cross-correlation properties of the training sequences are not ideal, this leads to additional interference
experienced by the user device.
When SAIC terminal pared with SAIC terminal, TSC sequence code should be specially chose in VAMOS pair.
Otherwise it result in Call Drop problems. Different Terminals has different TSC dependency case.

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 VAMOS Main Technologies-Interference Rejection
A digital filte , typically FIR, can be placed
in the signal path before the detector.
This filte converts the channel impulse
response to minimum phase.
Filtering
As the interfering information stream of
VAMOS sub channel looks like a co-
channel interferer, it is possible to
apply SAIC to reduce the impact.
SAIC

In JD (joint detection), both
info streams are decoded at the
same time. An example is a QPSK
type receiver, where both information
streams are demodulated as one signal.
JD IRC&SI SIC first uses the IRC algorithm to
demodulate the high-power MS, and
C then subtracts the high-power user
information from the received signal, and
finally conducts IRC demodulation on the
low-power signal.

The multi-path fading channels cause inter-symbol interference and also interference between the two
information streams. Filtering , SAIC and JD and IRC/SIC are mainly interference cancelation technologies
in Receiver on Downlink or Uplink.

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 Mobile Station Types for VAMOS
New
Pairing VAMOS Market
MS Type SAIC Training PAR Reduction
Limitations Performance Situation
Sequence
30-50% MS
Legacy Non- VAMOS I or Not
Not supported Not supported Poor penetration rate
SAIC VAMOS II supported
(3GPP)
The capacity gain of the
Legacy SAIC or 50-70% MS
Legacy SAIC is much
Legacy SAIC VAMOS I or Supported Not supported Not supported penetration rate
lower than that of the
VAMOS II (3GPP)
VAMOS MSs.
VAMOS level VAMOS MS pair Supports the high
No Limitation Supported Supported Go to market
I supports performance of VAMOS
VAMOS level VAMOS MS pair
No limitation Supported Supported Further enhanced Go to market
II supports

VAMOS Level I: VAMOS-aware mobile stations with DARP Phase 1 capability and supporting New TSC / TSC Set
2.
VAMOS Level II: Based on VAMOS Level I and use an advanced receiver architecture to comply, which will likely
require JD (Joint Detection ) techniques in the receiver.

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 Terminals Capacity in VAMOS Scenario

VAMOS II UE has largest |SCPIR| values, recommended scope in [-8,8]; VAMOS I UE has secondly larger
|SCPIR| values, recommended scope in [-4,4].when paired with legacy Terminal (SAIC/non-SAIC),VAMOS
I/VAMOS II UE has occupied less power subchannel with more negative SCPIR value.

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 Content

1 VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2 VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3 Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

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 VAMOS Performance Objectives

P1:Capacity 1) increase voice capacity of GERAN in order of a

factor of two per BTS transceiver.
Improvements at the 2) channels under interest: TCH/FS, TCH/HS,
BTS TCH/EFS, TCH/AFS, TCH/AHS and TCH/WFS

1) enhance the voice capacity of GERAN by means

P2:Capacity of multiplexing at least two users simultaneously
on the same radio resource both in downlink and
Improvements at the in uplink
air interface 2) channels under interest: TCH/FS, TCH/HS,
TCH/EFS, TCH/AFS, TCH/AHS and TCH/WFS

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 VAMOS Compatible Objectives
voice quality should not decrease and be
better than GSM HR, taking into account the
impact on network planning influence of the inter-channel interference
Maintenance
(ICI) on voice quality, originating from the
and frequency reuse should be of Voice
Quality simultaneous activity of users in the same
minimized. radio resource.

Impacts to Support of no implementation impact to

Network Legacy legacy Terminals.
Planning Terminals multiplex on SAIC legacy
terminals ;
Multiplex on Non-SAIC
hardware changes legacy terminals
for new Terminals
should be avoided.
complexity in power Implementat
Implementat Hardware update should be avoided
ion Impacts
and memory to New
ion Impacts Support all new and legacy channel.
to BSS
should be kept to a terminals Dimensioning of resource on Abis
minimum. interface should be minimized

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 Key Factors to Influence VAMOS Network Gains

Frequency Reuse
Mode

BTS Receiver
Interference VAMOS SAIC or VAMOS
Terminals
Rejection
Technologies Network Gains Penetration

AHR Penetration

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 Frequency Reuse and SAIC/VAMOS Terminals
Penetration influence VAMOS Gains
Network Capacity Gains in the case of FER<3% of 95% subscribers and AHS5.9.

When Network Frequency reuse is lower than 4/12, the VAMOS technology brings the higher gains.
VAMOS are suit for frequency loose reuse case scenario and better radio signal condition scenario.

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 VAMOS Field Trial in VDF Romania
One MBSC +MBTS 23 site in cluster,
69 Cells are chosen for VAMOS trials.
Both GSM only and GU mode in
U900 Refarming scenario.
the SAIC penetration is around
47.4%, and the AMR-HR penetration
is around 86.9%;
High ratio of AMR-HR guarantee
VAMOS-HRs applicability, and
~50% SAIC penetration means that
at most 25% capacity gain can be
achieved;

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 Coverage Test of VAMOS HR vs. HR-(Rxlev)

From RxLev aspect of view, VAMOS is almost the same with normal HR

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 Coverage Test of VAMOS HR vs. HR-(RxQual)

However, from RxQual aspect of view, VAMOS is much worse than normal HR;
This might be due to the reason that only one path (either I or Q path) will be used for demodulation; and
the link performance of VAMOS is worse than normal HR.

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 MOS Test VAMOS AHS vs AHS.

MOS score vs. C/I VAMOS MOS score is almost as good as normal
4.000 AHS when C/I is greater than 15dB; (VAMOS will
3.500 de-pair when C/I below than 15dB)
MOS Score

3.000 Only a little 0.03 MOS performance degradation,

2.500
which is due to slow start of VAMOS MOS
2.000
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
performance;
C/I When C/I is lower than 15dB, de-pairing must
AHS 5.9 VAMOS AHS 5.9
trigger otherwise call drop is foreseen;

VAMOS voice quality is as good as AHS in good radio condition (C/I >15dB)

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 Quality Comparison Test Result
Quality Comparison Test : VAMOS-1 pairing with all kinds of handsets

As to RXQual , that VAMOS-2 shows the best performance while VAMOS-1 is better than SAIC and SAIC is
better than Non-SAIC.
As to C/I distribution , it also presents a similar conclusion when VAMOS-1 is pairing with all handset types. This
just tells that VAMOS I terminal , paired with Non-SAIC, is undergoing the worst performance..

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 Evaluation Principles
Although can be worked at low RxLev
scenario, VAMOS works best in area with
good coverage; (e.g. RxLev >= -80dBm)
VAMOS has worse link-level
performance than normal AHS thus
requires better radio environment to
maintains the same quality ; (e.g. C/I
> 18dB or RxQual < = 1)
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VAMOS has dependency of SAIC
handsets, therefore SAIC penetration
decides how many VAMOS channels can
2 Coverage be used;
1
For the time being, only AMR-HR is
supported for VAMOS pairing, therefore
AHS ratio matters;
SAIC / AHS
Penetration/Frequenc
y Reuse model
Quality
Capacity
VAMOS can double capacity
by allowing two AHS users
paring into one HR timeslot;
3 hence it works best in
congestion scenario where it
can take its effect;`
4
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 Content

1 VAMOS Basic Concept and principles

2 VAMOS Objectives & Huawei Achievements

3 Huawei VAMOS Solutions & Features & Proposal

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 Huawei Keep Leading in VAMOS Evolution
Huawei Start
VAMOS
Key 2007 Q3
project
Technologies
&Prototype
Leading
confirmed 2008 Q2-Q4 VAMOS
2009Q1 Commercial
2010Q4
First filed trial Roadmap
in VDF Spain First
Commercial
Version Release

20% capacity gain under 100% penetration of traditional SAIC terminals

30% capacity gain under 100% penetration of VAMOS Level 1 terminals

* VAMOS performance depends on frequency reuse pattern and penetration of VAMOS terminals.

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 VAMOS Roadmap
GBSS13.0 GBSS14.0

VAMOS Phase I Features: Candidate feature:

- Uplink Demodulation (SIC) VAMOS Enhancement
- Downlink Modulation (Alpha-QPSK)
- Channel Allocation
- Handover
- VAMOS on IP or TDM backhaul
- Call Drop Issue Solution for VAMOS
- MCPA compatible
- EGPRS2-A compatible
- LCLS compatible
- Mute SAIC UE Identification
2011 Q2 2012 Q2
GBSS13.0 /SingleRAN6.0 are ready for VAMOS commercial deployment
** Although only three features, VAMOS, VAMOS Call Drop Solution, Mute SAIC MS Identification, are listed in
GBSS13.0 feature description, above features are also very important and ready for VAMOS Commercial deployment.

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 SIC (Successive Interference Cancelation)
SIC algorithm
If target user is the strongest, only use IRC to
demodulate it.
Else if target user is not the strongest, use SIC to
demodulate it. It need to subtract the estimated
strongest user from the received signal. And the larger
the power offset is, the better the target user
demodulated performance is.

IRC algorithm
Digit process the signal received from the diversity
antenna, decompose the interference into two parts:
useful signal and reverse interference.
Combine the signal from the main antenna with the
decomposed signal from the diversity antennas, then
the useful signal is enhanced while the interference is
cancelled.

SIC is one Key point for BTS Receiver Technology in VAMOS.

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 Channel Allocation of VAMOS
TS1 TS1 TS1 TS1 TS2 TS2
TS2 TS2
VAMOS A, VAMOSC, D VAMOS A, VAMOSC, D VAMOS A, VAMOS C,
VAMOS A, VAMOS C,
B B B D
B D
Two handset occupied one HR channel then
its VAMOS

handset handover back to normal HR channel then

its normal HR channel;

Flexible VAMOS Channel: each channel is VAMOS channel;

Whenever there are two users multiplexed in the same HR, the channel is VAMOS channel;
Otherwise the channel is normal HR channel;
VAMOS Channel can be allocated in the assignment phase, or through a pairing procedure;
VAMOS Pairing / Depairing is based on both traffic load and radio condition;

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 VAMOS Handover

GMSK Call
GMSK Call

For VAMOS handover,

normal channel will be
allocated as target channel.

VAMOS users will be checked separately so that handover can be triggered no matter which
sub-user has handover demand.
Normal channel will be firstly allocated for VAMOS handover, and the depaired user will be
returned to normal channel as soon as the handover is taken place.

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 VAMOS over IP
Abis over IP/HDLC is a packet transmission and it can support VAMOS
easily;
And it is also the most efficient transmission method.

BSS side
MS side
A Interface to MSC
Abis interface
MS1

MS2

MS3
Gb Interface to SGSN

Normal voice VAMOS voice Data service

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 VAMOS over TDM: Flexi Abis
All Abis resource are Abis timeslot
VAMOS Call shared to TCH channels! 8kbps / unit

ARFCN: 102
TS: 3
TSC set2: 2
Second Request
ARFCN: 102 for another 8kbps
TS: 3
TSC set1: 1 E1 Interface

BTS
First request for
8kbps link

All Abis timeslots are included in the shared pool for all TCH channels in the Um interface.
In this solution, no static mapping relationship exists between Um channel and Abis timeslot,
Abis resource is applying at the time the call is made;
Since the Abis resource in the pool enlarge, the statistical multiplexing gain is higher than before.

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 MUTE SAIC Handset Solution - Background
Mute SAIC Issue
Handsets SAIC capability are known
TOP 20 Handsets in Indian Market
by BSS through Classmark IE as
following table shows.
34%
However, there are some handsets
who dont report its real capability! 82%
18%

48%

No-SAIC Sound SAIC Mute SAIC

Mobile station classmark 3 information element

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 MUTE SAIC Handset Solution (1/2)
Method: When being detected, alternatively changed the modulation type between Alpha-QPSK
and GMSK, compare the RxQual fluctuation extent and made the judgment;
Accuracy: only those handsets that perform stable in the alternation period will be marked as
MUTE-SAIC Handset;;
Quality impact: Minimum the impact to non-SAIC handset by start the detection on big SCPIR
allocation; (see demonstration in next page)

Mute SAIC Identify Process

7 3 N:3
6

5 1 P:2
Avg: DLRxQual

3
Alpha-QPSK GMSK Alpha-QPSK GMSK Alpha-QPSK GMSK
SAIC
2 2 NON-SAIC
1

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59

Time: MR Num (0.5sec)

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 Summary
1. Since VAMOS can support 4 users sharing one time slot and introduce similar inter channel
interference (ICI), it need advanced interference cancelation/rejection technologies in BTS
and Terminals, for example:
BTS: AQPSK modulation, New TSC supporting, IRC and SIC, AQPSK Power control ,and even later JD.
UE: SAIC terminal, VAMOS Level I terminal , VAMOS Level 2 terminal with technologies with SAIC,
new TSC supporting and advanced receiver performance(ex. DARP capability II)
2. Network Capacity Gain, brought by VAMOS AHS, are fluent by such several factors as
frequency reuse module, SAIC/ VAMOS aware Terminal penetration in local market, AHS
penetration in current network and BTS receiver advanced technologies.
3. Generally Specking, VAMOS will bring 20% network capacity gain when SAIC terminal
penetration is up to 100% and bring 30% network capacity gain when VAMOS level I
terminal penetration is up to 100%. In VDF Romania field trial, the real test result is much
better.
4. Huawei SRAN6.0 can smoothly support VAMOS without hardware change with
MRFUv1/v2/v3 and MRRU v1/v2/v3. Besides, GSM only product GRFU and GRRU also
can support VAMOS. Only MRFU/MRFU v3can 100% support VAMOS. Other modules
have limitation on TRX number when Multicarrier is larger than 4 carriers.

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 Annex

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 Annex1:Glossary
ACI Adjacent Channel Interference MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Carrier Number MSRD Mobile Station Receive Diversity
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel MUROS Multi-User Reusing One Slot
BER Bit Error Rate PAR Peak to Average Ratio
CCI Co-channel Interference PSK Phase Shift Keying
CIR, C/I Carrier-to-Interference Ratio QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
DARP Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance QPSK Quarternary Phase Shift Keying
RMS Root Mean Square
DARP Pahse I SAIC (Single Antenna Interference Cancellation)
RRC Root Raised Cosine
DARP Pahse II MSRD (Mobile Station Receiver Diversity) SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel
SAM Single Antenna MIMO
EFL Effective Frequency Load SAIC Single Antenna Interference Cancellation
FER Frame Erasure Rate SCPIR Sub Channel Power Imbalance Ratio
GMSK Gaussion Minimum Shift Keying SIC Successive Interference Cancellation
HSN Hopping Sequence Number
ICI Inter Channel Interference STIRC pace Time Interference Rejection Combining (STIRC)
IRC Interference Rejection Combining SNR Signalto-Noise Ratio
ISI Inter Symbol Interference Traffic channel employing Wideband AMR full rate
TCH/WFS
JD Joint Detection codec based on GMSK
L2S Link to System mapping TSC Training Sequence Code
MAIO Mobile Allocation Index Offset VAD Voice Activity Detection

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 Annex2:Reference in 3GPP Specification
Specification Title and description of impact
Physical layer on the radio path General description ;Functional description of VAMOS:
Channel organizations for TCH and ACCH
45.001 Network and Mobile Station Support
Modulation, burst format, associated control channels in downlink/uplink
Channel mode adaptation
Mobile radio interface Layer 3 specification Core network protocols Stage 3
24.008
Mobile Station capability indication for support of VAMOS within MS class mark 3 information element
Mobile radio interface layer 3 specificatio Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol
44.018
signaling support for TSC set 2 in channel descriptions
Multiplexing and multiple access on the radio path
channel configuration for VAMOS
45.002
new training sequences
mapping of associated control channels
Modulation
alpha constellations and alpha range
45.004
symbol rotation
TX pulse shape for VAMOS
Radio transmission and reception
test scenarios for VAMOS
45.005
modulation accuracy and power versus time mask for AQPSK
radio performance requirements for MS and BTS
Radio subsystem link control
power back off for AQPSK modulation on broadcast carrier
45.008
sub-channel specification power control
impacts on measurement quantities for AQPSK

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