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Documented by: 6/27/2017

Elshaday

Contents
o What is IP address?
o Benefits of IP Address
o Types of IP address
o IP Address Classes
o IP Versions
o IPv4
o Problems of IP4
o IPv4 to IPv6 Transition
o IPV6
o Whats Good about IP6
o Types of IPv6 addresses
o Migration to IPv6
o Communication between ipv4 and IPv6
o Conclusion
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What is IP Address?

IP address is defined as a numerically labeled identifier that uniquely identifies

machines on a network.
The "IP" part stands for "Internet Protocol" and the "address" part refers to a unique
number that gets linked to all online activities.
Internet Protocol is a set of rules that used for data communication across a packet-
switched network.
Addressing and fragmentation are the two major services provided by IP.
An IP address has two parts: the identifier of a particular network on the Internet
and an identifier of the particular device (which can be a server or a workstation)
within that network.
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Benefits of IP Address
Why do we need IP addresses?

IP addresses are the numbers that enable our computers, servers, telephones,
cameras, printers and sensors to communicate with each other. Without IP
addresses, we would have to copy data from device to device manually, using
CDs, DVDs, hard disks or flash storage, such as a USB drive.
But more importantly, our devices could not send data to each other without
human intervention. Without the IP addresses assigned to our computers, we
would have to send paper letters and memos instead of sending emails. There
would be no streaming video sites. Instead, we would have to send each other
discs and tapes. Worst of all, we would not be able to order items online and
would have to go to stores to buy them in person.
Last but not least, among other important functions, they identify every device
connected to the Internet, whether it is a web server, smart phone, mail server, or
laptop.
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Types of IP Address
The types of IP address, based on their assignment methods, can be classified into
two. These are:
A. Static IP address
o It will be assigned manually by Administrator
o It is manageable for small networks
o Requires careful checks to avoid duplication
B. Dynamic IP address
o BOOTP :Assigned by server when host boots .
o DHCP : Derived automatically from a range of address.
There is also another method of IP assignment called Automatic Private IP Addressing
(APIPA). It uses 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255 to automatically create the
usable IP network without configuration.
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Cont
We can also categorize IP addresses based on whose user type they belong to as:
Public IP address - publicly registered with the Network Information Center (NIC)
to avoid address conflicts.
Private IP address - it uses RFC 1918 IP address space.
The following IP blocks are reserved for private IP addresses.
Class A = 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255
Class B = 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
Class C = 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
The other category of IP addresses are:
Unicast addresses: are the Class A, B, and C addresses and are used to identify a
single host on the Internet.
Multicast addresses: are used to identify multiple hosts for the delivery of
multicast traffic.
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IP Address Classes
IP addresses are divided into 5 classes, each of which is designated
with the alphabetic letters of A to E. These include:

Class Highest 1st octet No of Purpose

bit value address bits in
Range Ntw.
addr.
A 0 0-127 8 large companies
or governments

B 10 128-191 16 medium
companies
C 110 192-223 24 small companies
D 1110 224-239 28 multicasting
E 1111 240-255 30 Future use
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IP versions
There are currently two version of Internet Protocol (IP): IPv4 and a new
version called IPv6. IPv6 is an evolutionary upgrade to the Internet
Protocol. The two versions look quite different from one another, however,
IPv6 will coexist with the older IPv4 for some time.

IP version 4 (IPv4) has not changed much since it was defined in 1981. For
the last two decades, IPv4 has proven to be a robust and scalable protocol
for Internet routing. Unfortunately, the designers of IPv4 did not anticipate
the explosive growth of the Internet, or the need for more IP addresses than
version 4 could supply.
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1. IPv4
IPv4 is the fourth revision of development of Internet Protocol(IP). It is the most
widely used connection-less protocol used on packet-switched Link Layer networks at
present.
Its address size is 32 bits
IPv4 address representation
x:x:x:x
Each x is an eight bit binary number
IPv4 addresses range from 0 to 255
IPv4 address has 4 octets.
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Problems of IPv4
1. Insufficiency to identify devices
32 bits
232 combinations
Nearly 4.3 billion users
Not enough and more addresses are needed
2. Increasing routing information
- Rapid growth of routing tables in backbones
3. Increasing the number of Network Address Translation (NAT)
- Breaking the Internet architecture
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4.Security issues
- Number of ways to encrypt IPv4 traffic
Example: IPSec
- No real standard encryption method
5.Real-time delivery of multimedia content and necessary bandwidth allocation
Quality of Service (QoS)
Different interpretations
QoS compliant devices are not compatible one another
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IPv4 to IPv6 Transition

Why do we need this?
Because Internet continues to grow at a phenomenal rate over the past few years, it
has experienced two major scaling issues:
oThe eventual exhaustion of IP version 4 (IPv4) address space
oThe need to route traffic between the ever increasing number of net-works that
comprise the Internet
The long-term solution to these problems can be found in the wide-spread deployment
of IP Next Generation (IPng or IPv6).
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2. IPv6
Standardized in 1996, IPv6 was developed as the next-generation Internet Protocol.
One of its main goals was to massively increase the number of IP addresses
available. Its address size is 128 bits.
IPv6 address representation looks like:
xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx
Each x is a 4bit hexadecimal digit
IPv6 addresses range from
0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff
IPv6 address has 16 octets.
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Two other formats

Omit leading zeros
Specify IPv6 addresses by omitting leading zeros
E.g. : 1050:0000:0000:0000:0005:0600:300c:326b can be written as
1050:0:0:0:5:600:300c:326b
Double colon
Specify IPv6 addresses by using double colons (::) in place of a series of
zeros
E.g. : ff06:0:0:0:0:0:0:c3 may be written as ff06::c3
Double colons can be used only once in one IP address
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Whats Good about IPv6?

Bigger address space
o128 bits for addressing
2128 combinations
16 billion users: enough space
oNo NATs are needed
oAllows full IP connectivity for Computers, Mobile devices
Mobility
oFacility for mobile devices
oAllows roaming between different networks
Built-in security-Includes:
o IPSec and Authentication
o Encryption and Compression
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Types of IPv6 addresses

1. unicast
communicate specified 1 computer
2. multicast
communicate group of computers
3. anycast
send group address that can receive multiple computers, but
receive 1 computer.

g a
s d s s
g a

g a

unicast multicast anycast

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Migration to IPv6
dual stack
Involves running both IPv4 and IPv6 at the same time
End nodes and routers/switches run both protocols
Tunnel
To carry one protocol inside another
Take IPv6 packets and encapsulate them in IPv4 packets to be sent across
portions of the IPv4 networks
Translator
Protocol translation (NAT-PT) simply translate IPv6 packets into IPv4
packets.
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Conclusion
While increasing the pool of addresses is one of the most often-talked about benefit of
IPv6, there are other important technological changes in IPv6 that will improve the IP
protocol:
No more NAT (Network Address Translation)
Auto-configuration
No more private address collisions
Better multicast routing
Simpler header format
Simplified, more efficient routing
True quality of service (QoS), also called "flow labeling"
Built-in authentication and privacy support
Flexible options and extensions
Easier administration (say good-bye to DHCP)
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Thank you!

Questions?