NOISE SOURCES

BY: ENGR. JO-ANN V. MAGSUMBOL

 SIGNAL QUALITY DEPENDS ON:
1. Bandwidth Telephone System
2. Noise
AM Broadcasting
HARTLEYS Law
Information Capacity
FM Broadcasting
BW X Time of
Transmission Hz
300 3000
 NOISE
any unwanted introduction of energy tending to
interfere with the proper reception of the signal
undesired voltages or currents that ultimately
end-up appearing in the receiver output

RESULTS OF NOISE
1. Radio receivers
2. TV CRT
3. Data transmission
 2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATIONS

A. Correlated Noise
Correlated noise is noise that is correlated to
the signal and cannot be present in a circuit
unless there is an input signal.

B. Uncorrelated Noise
Noise that is present regardless of whether
there is a signal present or none.
 TYPES OF CORRELATED NOISE

1. Harmonic distortion
Results when unwanted harmonics of a signal
are produced through non-linear amplification
Vhigher
%THD = X 100
Vfundamental

Where:
%THD = percent total harmonic distortion
Vhigher = quadratic sum of the rms voltages of the harmonics above the
fundamental frequency,
Vfundamental = rms voltage of the fundamental frequency
EXAMPLES

1. Calculate the total harmonic distortion if the

%2nd order and %3rd order are 2.5% and 1.25%
respectively and fundamental amplitude of 8V.
2. Determine (a) 2nd, 3rd, and 12th harmonics for
a 1-kHz repetitive wave, (b) Percent second-
order, third-order, and harmonic distortion for a
fundamental frequency with an amplitude of
8Vrms,
 TYPES OF CORRELATED NOISE

2. Intermodulation distortion
Results when unwanted sum and difference
frequencies are generated when two or more
signals are amplified in a non-linear device.

cross product = mf1 nf2

Where:
f1 and f2 = fundamental frequency (for f1>f2)
m and n = positive integer between 1 and
EXAMPLE

1. For a non-linear amplifier with two input

frequencies, 3kHz and 8kHz, determine
a. First three harmonics present in the output
for each input frequency.
b. Cross-product frequencies produced for
values of m and n of 1 and 2.
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE

A. External Noise
Noise that is generated outside the device or
circuit.
1. Atmospheric Noise/Static Noise
- caused by naturally occurring disturbances

that originate within the earths atmosphere

- Intensity 1/f
- f < 30 MHz
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
2. Extra-terrestrial Noise/ Space Noise
- noise that consists of electrical signals that
originate from outside Earths atmosphere
(8 MHz1.5GHz)
a. Solar noise b. Cosmic noise
3. Man made noise/industrial noise
- noise generated by mankind
- f < 500 MHz (below this, its a prob.)
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
4. Impulse Noise
- is characterized by high-amplitude
peaks of short duration in the total noise
spectrum
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
B. Internal Noise
Electrical interference generated within a
device or circuit.
Noise created by the passive and active
devices found within the receiver.
1. Thermal /Johnson/White Noise
- associated with the rapid and random
movement of electrons within a conductor due
to thermal agitation
- noise created by the resistance or the
resistive components due to heat
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
2. Shot Noise
- is caused by the random arrival of carriers
at the output element of an electronic device,
such as diode, FET, or BJT.

3. Transit time Noise

- any modification to a stream of carriers as
they pass from the input to the output of a
device produces an irregular, random variation.
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
4. Partition Noise
- occurs wherever current has to divide
between two or more electrodes and results
from the random fluctuation in the division.

5. Flicker Noise
- is associated with crystal surface defects in
semiconductor and also found in vacuum
tubes.
TYPES OF UNCORRELATED NOISE
6. Burst Noise
- is another low frequency noise that seems
to be associated with heavy-metal ion
contamination.
 NOISE CALCULATION
I. NOISE POWER & SPECTRUM DENSITY
a. Noise Power
Pn = TBk
b. Noise Spectrum Density
Sn = kT

where:
Pn = Noise Power
Sn= Noise Spectrum Density
T = Absolute Temperature
B = Bandwidth of the System (Hz)
k = Boltzmann Constant
 NOISE CALCULATION
II. NOISE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS

Vn = 4 TBKRn

where:
Vn = Noise Voltage
Rn= Load Resistance
 NOISE CALCULATION
II. NOISE VOLTAGE ANALYSIS
a. Series Combination

VnT = Vn12 + Vn22

b. Parallel Combination

VnT = Vn12 + Vn22

 NOISE CALCULATION
III. SHOT NOISE

in = 2 B I q

where:
in = rms Noise Current
I = dc Current
B = Bandwidth
q = Charge of Electron
EXAMPLES
1. Calculate the spectrum noise density and
thermal noise power for a certain
communication system with an IF bandwidth of
10.7 MHz.
2. An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz bandwidth
has a 100 input resistance. It is operating at
27C, has a voltage gain of 200 and an input
signal of 6Vrms. Calculate the output rms noise
(ECE BOARD EXAM NOV 2004)
EXAMPLES
3. For an electronic device operating at a
temperature of 17C with a bandwidth of
10kHz, determine (a) thermal noise power in
watts and dBm (b) rms noise voltage for a
100 internal resistance.

4. The circuit has two resistors in series at two

different temperatures (300 K & 400 K). Find
the total noise voltage and noise power
produced at the load, over a bandwidth of 100
kHz.
EXAMPLES
5. An amplifier operating over the frequency
range from 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 K input
resistor. What is the rms noise voltage at the
input to this amplifier if the ambient
temperature is 27C?
6. Calculate the noise voltage at the input of a
television RF amplifier, using a device that has
a 200 equivalent noise resistance and a 300
input resistor. The bandwidth of the amplifier is
6MHz, and the temperature is 17 C?
EXAMPLES
7. Determine the noise current for a diode with a
forward bias of 1mA over a 100 KHz
bandwidth.