Introduction to Wireless

Ad-Hoc Networks Routing

Dr. Noman Islam

https://sites.google.com/a/nu.edu.pk/noman-islam/
http://facebook.com/sir.noman.islam
Outline

Challenges
Design Goals Specified by MANET
Types of Routing
Protocols in Detail
Conclusion
Challenges

Dynamic Topologies
Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links
Energy-constrained
Limited Physical security
Scalability
Types of routing
Flat Proactive Routing
Link state Fish-Eye Routing, GSR, OLSR.
Table driven: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), WRP)
On-Demand or Reactive Routing
Ad hoc On-demand Distant Vector (AODV)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Hybrid Schemes
Zone Routing ZRP, SHARP (proactive near, reactive long distance)
Safari (reactive near, proactive long distance)
Geographical Routing
Hierarchical: One or many levels of hierarchy
Routing with dynamic address
Dynamic Address RouTing (DART)
Proactive Protocols

Proactive: maintain routing information

independently of need for communication
Update messages send throughout the network
periodically or when network topology changes.
Low latency, suitable for real-time traffic
Bandwidth might get wasted due to periodic
updates
They maintain O(N) state per node, N = #nodes
On-Demand or Reactive Routing

Reactive: discover route only when you need it

Saves energy and bandwidth during inactivity
Can be bursty -> congestion during high activity
Significant delay might occur as a result of route
discovery
Good for light loads, collapse in large loads
Hybrid Routing

Proactive for neighborhood, Reactive for far

away (Zone Routing Protocol, Haas group)
Proactive for long distance, Reactive for
neighborhood (Safari)
Attempts to strike balance between the two
Hierarchical Routing

Nodes are organized in clusters

Cluster head controls cluster
Trade off
Overhead and confusion for leader election
Scalability: intra-cluster vs intercluster
One or Multiple levels of hierarchy
Geographical Routing

Nodes know their geo coordinates (GPS)

Route to move packet closer to end point
Protocols DREAM, GPSR, LAR
Propagate geo info by flooding (decrease
frequency for long distances)
Types of routing
Flat Proactive Routing
Link state Fish-Eye Routing, GSR, OLSR.
Table driven: Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV), WRP)
On-Demand or Reactive Routing
Ad hoc On-demand Distant Vector (AODV)
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
Hybrid Schemes
Zone Routing ZRP, SHARP (proactive near, reactive long distance)
Safari (reactive near, proactive long distance)
Geographical Routing
Hierarchical: One or many levels of hierarchy
Routing with dynamic address
Dynamic Address RouTing (DART)
Proactive: DSDV - Destination-Sequenced
Distance Vector Algorithm

By Perkins and Bhagvat

Based on Bellman Ford algorithm
Exchange of routing tables
Routing table: the way to the destination, cost
Every node knows where everybody else is
Thus routing table O(N)
Each node advertises its position
Sequence number to avoid loops
Maintain fresh routes
DSDV details

Routes are broadcasted from the receiver

Nodes announce their presence: advertisements
Each broadcast has
Destination address: originator
No of hops
Sequence number of broadcast
The route with the most recent sequence is used
Reactive: Ad-Hoc On-demand Distance
Vector Routing (AODV)
By Perkins and Royer
Sender tries to find destination:
broadcasts a Route Request Packet (RREQ).
Nodes maintain route cache and use destination
sequence number for each route entry
State is installed at nodes per destination
Does nothing when connection between end points is
still valid
When route fails
Local recovery
Sender repeats a Route Discovery
Route Discovery in AODV 1

7
5

Source 1
3
8 Destination

6
4

Propagation of Route Request (RREQ) packet

Route Discovery in AODV 2

7
5

Source 1
3
8 Destination

6
4

Path taken by Route Reply (RREP) packet

In case of broken links

Node monitors the link status of next hop in

active routes
Route Error packets (RERR) is used to notify
other nodes if link is broken
Nodes remove corresponding route entry after
hearing RERR
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)

Two mechanisms: Route Maintenance and Route

Discovery
Route Discovery mechanism is similar to the one
in AODV but with source routing instead
Nodes maintain route caches
Entries in route caches are updated as nodes
learn new routes.
Packet send carries complete, ordered list of
nodes through which packet will pass
When Sending Packets

Sender checks its route cache, if route exists,

sender constructs a source route in the packets
header
If route expires or does not exist, sender initiates
the Route Discovery Mechanism
Route Discovery 1 (DSR)

2 <1,2>
<1>
7 <1,3,5,7>
<1,3> 5
<1,3,5>
<1>
Source 1
3
8 Destination

<1>
<1,4,6>
6
4
<1,4>

Building Record Route during Route Discovery

Route Discovery 2 (DSR)

7
5

Source 1 Destination
3
8

<1,4,6>
<1,4,6>
6
4
<1,4,6>

Propagation of Route Reply with the Route Record

Route Maintenance

Two types of packets used: Route Error Packet and

Acknowledgement
If transmission error is detected at data link layer, Route
Error Packet is generated and send to the original sender
of the packet.
The node removes the hop is error from its route cache
when a Route Error packet is received
ACKs are used to verify the correction of the route links.
The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)

Hybrid Scheme
Proactively maintains routes within a local
region (routing zone)
Also a globally reactive route query/reply
mechanism available
Consists of 3 separate protocols
Protocols patented by Cornell University!
Intrazone Routing Protocol

Intrazone Routing Protocol (IARP) used to

proactively maintain routes in the zone.
Each node maintains its own routing zone
Neighbors are discovered by either MAC
protocols or Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)
When global search is needed, route queries are
guided by IARP via bordercasting
Interzone Routing Protocol

Adapts existing reactive routing protocols

Route Query packet uniquely identified by
sources address and request number.
Query relayed to a subset of neighbors by the
bordercast algorithm
Comparisons

DSDV
FSR AODV DSR ZPR

Source No No Yes No
Routing

Periodic Yes No No Yes

message (Locally)
Functioning Yes No No Yes
Proactively (Locally)
Functioning No Yes Yes Yes
Reactively (Globally)
Conclusion

On-demand routing protocols (AODV and DSR)

are gaining momentum.
More analysis and features are needed
(Performance comparison between protocols,
QoS extension and analysis, multicast, security
issues etc)
Good paper (though old):
A review of current routing protocols for ad-hoc
mobile wireless networks, E. Royer, C.K. Toh
Performance?

End-to-end data throughput and delay

Route acquisition time
Percentage of out-of-order delivery
Efficiency:
Average number of data bits transmitted/data bits delivered
Average number of control bits transmitted/data bits delivered
Average number of control and data packets transmitted/data
packet delivered
Parameters

Network Size
Connectivity (average degree of a node)
Topology rate of change
Link capacity (bps)
Fraction of unidirectional links
Traffic patterns
Mobility
Fraction/frequency of sleeping nodes