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Topic 10:
Supporting Transactions
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this topic, students will be able to:
Identify transactions
Understand business rules and their implications
Recognise potential performance issues
Identify the potential need for de-normaliation
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DAMAGE
Transactions
Transactions are the units of work in a database
system.
Transactions can be made up of one or more
operations. Operations are usually defined as:
CREATE or INPUT
RETRIEVE CRUD or IRUD
UPDATE
DELETE
Identify Transactions
What to Look at
Transactions that are frequent and could affect the
efficiency and performance of the database
Critical transactions vital to the running of the
business
Transactions that take place in peak periods
How to Investigate
Look at each transaction and work out what tables
it will affect.
Work out if there are tables that are used by many
transactions.
Look at how the data is affected by the transaction.
Boat
Customer
Rental
Damage
Boat CUD R R
Customer CU R R
Rental C R R R
Damage C R R
Attribute Level
A transaction may affect some attributes in a table
but not others.
Or it may affect different attributes in the same
table in different ways, e.g. updating one and
deleting another.
Analysing Tranactions
CRUD
Does the transaction involve any predicates
(specific conditions in the where clause)?
Attributes
Frequency
Indexes
Improve performance
They work by creating entries in a special structure,
so that makes it easier to find a record.
Performance
Increasingly, databases contain large amounts of
data...
The rate at which a query can return an answer
can be slowed when it has to sort though large
numbers of records.
Performance becomes an issue...
Applications
The software that is used to access the data in
a database...
Websites Forms
Queries Types of
Application
Roles in a System
Not every user is the same.
Grant
Grant create on Boat to Admin
Revoke
Revoke all on Boat from Admin
De-Normalisation
We have created a database following all the rules
of normalisation...
Table 1
View of
selected rows
Table 2
or columns of
these tables
Table 3
References
Connolly, T. & Begg, C. (2004). Database Systems: A
Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and
Management, 4th edition. Addison Wesley. Chapter
20.
Any Questions?