Energy

What types of energy are there?

What types of energy are there?

Nuclear
Fusion
Fission

Mechanical (Kinetic)
Potential
Gravity
Springs
Chemical

Light
Heat
Electrical
Essentially all energy on Earth
comes from a single source
FUSION
THE SUN
The
solar
surface

Fusion 7
 The Sun
The sun flare
The corona during
an eclipse The aurora

corona during an eclipse

Fusion 8
 Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear fusion is the process by
which multiple nuclei join together to
form a heavier nucleus.
It is accompanied by the release or
absorption of energy depending on
the masses of the nuclei involved..
 Nuclear Fusion of Protons - hydrogen cycle
The Sun derives energy from fusion of protons. There are
many possibilities, but two detailed cycles were proposed.

The hydrogen cycle:

H + H 2D (+e) + + + n
2D + H 3He +
3He + 3He 4He + 2 H

net
4 H = 4He (+ 2e) + 2+ +2 + 2 n + 26.7 MeV
Or
Enough energy to keep a 60W light bulb on for 7 x 10-14 sec
Fusion 10
 Nuclear Fusion in Stars

Stars are giant fusion reactors.

Nuclear fusion reactions
provide energy in the Sun and
E = mc2 other stars. Solar energy
1H, 2D
drives the weather and makes
3T, 4He
plants grow.
Energy stored in plants
sustains animal lives, ours
included.

Fusion 11
 Nuclear Fusion and the Sun
Sun Mass is 333,000 times that of the Earth.
The sun is a big nuclear fusion reactor, 75% H and 25% He.
Sun radius (695000 km) is 109 times that of the Earth (6.4e3 km).
Sun emits 3.861026 watts, ~ 8 kwatt/cm2, 1.4 kwatt/m2 reach the
Earths atmosphere (solar constant).
1 kwatt/m2 reaches the Earths surface
This is the energy that drives our weather.

Fusion 12
 Matter and Energy

We have been taught that matter and energy

cannot be created nor destroyed
We now need to understand that Matter and
Energy are two forms of the same thing
 E = mc2

Matter can be changed into Energy

Einsteins formula above tells us how the change
occurs
In the equation above:
E = Energy
m = Mass
c = Speed of Light (Universal Constant)

Light
Energy Mass
Speed
 E = mc2

The equation may be read as follows:

Energy (E) is equal to Mass (m) multiplied
by the Speed of Light (c) squared
This tells us that a small amount of mass can
be converted into a very large amount of
energy because the speed of light (c) is an
extremely large number
 Fusion

Fusion is a nuclear reaction whereby two light

atomic nuclei fuse or combine to form a single
larger, heavier nucleus
The fusion process generates tremendous
amounts of energy; refer back to Einsteins
equation
For fusion to occur, a large amount of energy
is needed to overcome the electrical charges
of the nuclei and fuse them together
 Fusion

Fusion reactions do not occur naturally on our

planet but are the principal type of reaction
found in stars
The large masses, densities, and high
temperatures of stars provide the initial
energies needed to fuel fusion reactions
The sun fuses hydrogen atoms to produce
helium, subatomic particles, and vast amounts
of energy
 Review

Mass and Energy are two forms of the same

thing; neither can be created nor destroyed but
mass can be converted into energy (E = mc2)
Fission is a nuclear reaction in which a heavy
atomic nucleus is split into lighter atomic nuclei
Fusion is a nuclear reaction in which 2 light
atomic nuclei are combined into a single,
heavier atomic nucleus
 H-bomb

Nov. 1, 1952, the first H-

Tsar 2
The Russian Tsar H-
Bomb was the most
powerful ever made
Fusion
bomb Mike tested,
mushroom cloud was 8 miles
across and 27 miles high;the
canopy was 100 miles wide,
80 million tons of earth was
vaporized.
H-bomb exploded Mar. 1,
1954 at Bikini Atoll yielded 15
megatons and had a fireball 4
miles in diameter.
USSR H-bomb yields 19 100
megatons.
Nuclear Fusion under Controlled Conditions

Humans had controlled fission chain reactions before testing bombs.

1952, Nov. 1. US tested the first H-bomb at Enewetak, controlled
sustained fusion reactor has yet to be achieved.
High temperature and high particle density for long period of time are
the conditions for fusion.
This has not yet been achieved in a context where more energy is
produced than it costs to make the reaction happen

Fusion 20
 Fission

Fission may be defined as the process of

splitting an atomic nucleus into fission
fragments
The fission fragments are generally in the form
of smaller atomic nuclei and neutrons
Large amounts of energy are produced by the
fission process
 Fission

Fissile nuclei are generally heavy atoms with

large numbers of nucleons
The nuclei of such heavy atoms are struck by
neutrons initiating the fission process
Fission occurs due to electrostatic repulsion
created by large numbers of protons within the
nuclei of heavy atoms
 Fission

A classic example of a fission reaction is that of

U-235:
U-235 + 1 Neutron
2 Neutrons + Kr-92 + Ba-142 + Energy
In this example, a stray neutron strikes an atom of U-235.
It absorbs the neutron and becomes an unstable atom of
U-236. It then undergoes fission. Notice that more
neutrons are released in the reaction. These neutrons
can strike other U-235 atoms to initiate their fission.
 Fission

The fission process is an a natural one as a

French researcher found a natural uranium
reactor in Gabon, West Africa; it has been
estimated to be over 2 billion years old
Fission produces large amounts of heat energy
and it is this heat that is captured by nuclear
power plants to produce electricity
 Review

Mass and Energy are two forms of the same

thing; neither can be created nor destroyed but
mass can be converted into energy (E = mc2)
Fission is a nuclear reaction in which a heavy
atomic nucleus is split into lighter atomic nuclei
Fusion is a nuclear reaction in which 2 light
atomic nuclei are combined into a single,
heavier atomic nucleus
 Quiz

Which nuclear process produces large

amounts of energy?
A. Fission
B. Fusion
C. Both fission & fusion
D. Neither fission nor fusion
 Quiz

Fission is the process that _________ atomic

nuclei.
A. Combines
B. Burns up
C. Stores
D. Splits
 Quiz

Mass may be converted into energy.

A. True
B. False
 Quiz

The fission process requires heavy

atomic nuclei.
A. True
B. False
 Quiz

Name a nuclear reaction that occurs

within the sun:
 Quiz

Fission is a natural process that occurs

on the planet Earth.
A. True
B. False
 Quiz

Explain this equation:

E = mc2