Knowledge dealing with the systematic

determination of a preferable work method with t

he time required for the uses of human and equip

ment to perform such work as well as a developm

ent of material & tools to make the established m

ethod and time practical

1
Process Analysis

Operation Analysis

(Micro) Motion Study

Time Study

Work Instruction Establishing

2
 Procedure to determine a certain amount of
time required to perform a task involving either
human or machine under certain standard
conditions of measurement

Which consider

Specified work method

Linked from Well trained worker
Motion Study Normal pace
Allowance 3
4
 Concept:
Concept: A
A Fair
Fair Days
Days Work
Work

Required Responsibilities

Operator

Supervisor

Union WIN - WIN

Analyst
5
 Direct time study
Predetermined time systems
(PTS: Work factor, MTM)

Standard time data

Work Sampling

6
 Options
General equipment
Stopwatch 1/100 or 1/60 Time study board

Observation sheets Electronic data collector

Calculator Electronic time recorder

Computer Micromotion picture or Video camera

Time study software

Tachometer
7
Preparation
Select an operator

Make sure the operator will cooperate with the study

Collect information about the operation and layout

Divide the operation into elements

Describe each element in detail

8
Operator
A well trained one
Morale & Understanding
Roles of Supervisor

The Operation
Standardized method
Proper working environment
Smooth equipment operations
9
 Description
Headlines of the observation sheet
Sketch of the part and the workplace

Operation Breakdown -- Work Element

Describe beginning and end points definitely
Measurable by stopwatch (0.04 - 0.35 min)
Apply rating factor and allowance separately
Establish time standard for each element
10
Types of Element
Regular element VS Intermittent element
happens every cycle

Inside work element VS Outside work element

happens during the machine operation

Constant element VS Variable element

vary with load/ shape of work piece
11
Time Recording
Make a trial time recording for each elements
of the operation (5, 10 cycles)
Calculate a sufficient number of cycles for the
study
Record the time of each elements as per the
number of required cycles
Ensure the accuracy and confidential level for
the representative time of each elements
12
 Make sure that every parts
of the operation are included
Stopwatch reading
Continuous timing
Repetitive timing
For each element
(snap back)
Trial reading
Accumulating timing
Required number of cycles

Observation sheets Representative time

plus/minus 5% Accuracy
95% Confidence level
13
Time Study Observation Sheet 1: Continuous timing

No. of cycles
(Maytag) 14
Time Study Observation Sheet 2 (Snap back method)

15
 Number
Number of
of Time
Time Study
Study Readings:
Readings:
Maytag
Maytag

Trial Readings (5 or 10 cycles)

R = Range = Max - Min

X bar = Mean = Average
or (Max + Min)/ 2

How many observations is enough?

Consider R Completed

X bar 16 Sheet
 5% Precision &
+/-

95% Confidence Level of the readings

17
Total No. of observation needed: The Final check

18
 Completed Time Study Observation Sheet

Maytag

Allowances 19
 Assure the total number of observations
according to the desired accuracy and
confidence level
Normal dist:
to estimate RT within 95% CI
and 5% accuracy
Representative Time, RT
(Selected Time or Basic Time)

RT = mean / mode of observed times

20
Standard Time Calculation
Calculate representative time

Rate the operators performance and apply it to

representative time, getting a normal time

Calculate allowances

Obtain standard time by adding the allowances

to normal time
21
To indicate the rating factor, an adjusting factor
Evaluate the operators speed for doing such element in
relation to the normal speed

Normal Speed, Normal Pace: ???

22
 Normal Pace -- some standard activities
Variety of natural speed among people
Various available systems, performance rating 100
Separately rate on different elements of operation
Judgement of the analyst
Tailor your own normal

Not only the analyst rates the operation, but

also the involved operators/mgrs. 23
 Skill and Effort

Westinghouse System

Synthetic

Physiological Evaluation of Performance Level

Performance Rating

Company Standard and etc.

24
Scale A: Normal 100% (0-100-115:145-200)

Scale B: Normal 60 points (0-60-70:87-120)

Scale C: Incentive 125% (0-100-125-200)

Scale D: Incentive 100% (0-80-100-160)

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Performance Rating Scales: A-B-C-D

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Normal Operator:

A qualified and experienced operator working

under customary conditions at the workstation, at a
pace neither too fast nor too slow, but representative
of average.

Normal Time = Representative Time x RF (in %)

100

27 Completed Sheet
Personal : person
Fatigue : working environment , length of period
Delay : equipment, material flow, management

Personal allowances
personal needs
nature of work
2-5 % of 8 hours, or more?
28
Fatigue allowances
not necessary happen
ILO standard
refreshment breaks

Delay allowances
avoidable
unavoidable
allocation techniques
29
Allowances Table

30
Standard Time:

The time that a qualified and well trained

operator working at a normal pace will need to
complete one cycle of the operation

Standard Time = Normal Time x (1+ AF,in %)

Standard Time = Normal Time x 100

(100 - AF,in %)
31
Representative Time = mean / mode of observed times

Normal Time = Representative Time x RF (in %)

100

Standard Time = Normal Time x (1+ AF,in %)

Standard Time = Normal Time x 100

(100 - AF,in %)
32
 Evaluation of alternative methods
Labor cost control and manpower planning
Overhead cost estimation and budgeting
Production scheduling: CPM
Production line balancing
Plant layout and plant capacity
Training and performance evaluation
Output-based incentive scheme design
33
Motion Study creates preferred method
for work so called Standard Method.

Based on standard method, Time Study

creates Standard Time.

Work
Instruction

34
 Reduce
Planning & Control Variation
manpower, line balancing, scheduling,
budgeting, plant layout, plant capacity

Operating Knowledge
Training & Learning
Performance Standard & Evaluation
Incentive Scheme
Allowances 35
Ind. MA
Firm MF MF MF
Plant MF MF MF
Dept MC MC MC MC
Group MC MC MC MC
Indvl WM WM

Min Hrs Days Wk Mth Qtr Year

36