WORK MEASUREMENT
WORK MEASUREMENT
series of techniques
employed to evaluate the
time needed for completion
of a task. Also called time
study.
Standard Time
It is the time required by
qualified and well-trained
person working at a normal
time pace, to do a specified
task.
WORK MEASUREMENT AND TIME STUDY

• Work measurement is often also called time study.

• Work measurement largely concerned with
human work output
• Time study considers any automated work output
 Work measurement
techniques
It helps in the
Direct time study
determination of schedules
predetermined motion time
and the planning of work. It
system standard data
can aid in determining
systemwork sampling time
standards cost.
study or work measurement
has several important uses.
 Purpose of Work
Measurement
To reveal the nature and
extent of ineffective time,
from whatever cause so that
action can be taken to
eliminate.
To set standards of
performance that are
attainable only if all
avoidable ineffective time
is eliminated and work is
performed by the best
method available
Work
Measurement • Estimating work-force and
leads to the equipment capacity
development of • Establishing budgets
labor and • Determining what new work
equipment time procedure will cost
standard that are • Evaluating time and cost trade-
used for: offs among process design
alternatives
Work
Measurement
leads to the • Establishing wage-incentive

development of system
labor and • Monitoring and evaluating
equipment time employee performance and
standard that are productivity
used for: • Providing accurate information
for scheduling and sequencing
Normal time
It is the expected time required to perform some work
activity at normal pace, under normal operating
conditions, and using a prescribed method
USE OF WORK MANAGEMENT
To compare the efficiency of alternative methods.
Other conditions being equal, the method which takes
the least time will be the best method.
 Normal times are calculated using:
Normal time = observed time x performance rating factor = OT x PRF

Performance rating factor (PRF) is an adjustment by the person doing the time
study as to whether the employee is working at the normal pace (1.0 or 100%)

Example: a PRF of 115% indicates that work is being performed at a pace that
15% above normal. Typically, three or more highly trained work study analysts
make these judgments independently and then the average PRF is used in
equation.

For example, if work study analyst A rates an employee

For example, if work study analyst: rates the employee of the following:

A: Employee = 1.2 and an observed time of 2.5 min per unit

B: Employee = 1.0 and an observed time of 2.2 min per unit

C: Employee = 0.9 and an observed time of 2.1 min per unit

Rating using equation:

Normal time is 2.363 minutes per unit

NT= (1.2x2.5+1.0x2.2+0.9x2.1) / 3
(3 + 2.2 + 1.89) /3
7.09 / 3
NT= 2.363333
Normal Time

1. Must be also be adjusted for personal time and unavoidable delays.

2. Allowance includes time for labor fatigue and personal needs,

equipment breakdown, rest periods, information delays, and so on.

3. Most allowance factors are in the range of 10 to 20%

4. Standard time is normal time adjusted for allowances.

STANDARD TIME

. is the time allowed to an operator to carry out the specified

task under specified conditions and defined level of
performance.

.the various allowances ared added to the normal time as

applicable to get the stadard time “ Components standard
time”
STANDARD TIME
• Standard time computation:

• Standard Time = normal time (1 + allowance factor)

• Example: If the normal is 2.363

• Allowance factor of 1.2 is used

• Standard time is 2.863 minutes per unit
• =2.363(1+1.2)
• =2.363(2.2)
• ST = 5.1986
Standard Time
• The performance rating factor and allowance factor are based on
human judgments, and therefore, the procedure for establishing
standard times must include audits, third-party reviews, and
extensive training and retraining of work-study analysts to keep
them properly calibrated. Videotapes of employee work activities
are often used to train work-study analysts.
 Uses of work management

To compare the efficiency of alternative methods. Other conditions being equal,

the method which takes the least time will be the best method.

To balance the work of members of teams, in association with the multiple activity
charts, so that, as far as possible, each member has tasks taking an equal time.

To determine, in association with man and machine multiple activity charts, the
number of machines an workers can run.
 APPLICATION
-Standard time for Estimating
operation in industry
are useful for several ❑ Material machinery and equipment
application ❑ Production cost per unit as an input
Preparation of budgets
Determination of selling price
Make or buy decision

❑ Man-power requirements

❑ Delivery schedules

❑ Balancing the work of operators working

❑ Performance of workers
WORK MEASUREMENT Repetitive– element of
TECHNIQUES WORK operation will repeat many
times during the study
UNDER:

Non-repetitive type- work

cycle is hardly repeated.
Ex:
Maintenance work &
 METHODS OF WORK MEASUREMENT

❑ Stop watch time study

❑ Synthesis
❑ Predetermined motion study time study (PMTS)
❑ Analytical estimating
❑ Comparative estimating
❑ Activity sampling
 METHODS OF WORK MEASUREMENT
❑ Time study
❑ Activity sampling; and rated activity sampling
❑ Synthesis from standard data
❑ Pre-determined motion time system
❑ Estimating
❑ Analytical estimating
❑ Comparative estimating
TIME STUDY

• Worker Factor
• Allowances and time standard
• Time study equipment

Time device
Time study observation sheet
Time study observation board
Other equipment
Time study procedure
• Term and definition

Normal performance
Performance rating
System rating
Pace rating
Westinghouse system of rating
Objective rating
Synthetic rating
• Issues with time study
Advantages and disadvantages
 WORK SAMPLING

It is a highly efficient system through

which, needed information can be
obtained in less time, and at a lower
cost, compared to other methods of
work measurement.
Sampling procedure:
❑Sampling procedure:
Number of observations
Based on judgment
Using cumulative plot of result
Use of statistics
❑ Activity sampling
Fixed and random interval sampling
Confidence levels
Standard time determination

❑ Sampling and confidence intervals

❑ Random observations
Advantages of work sampling and disadvantages of work sampling
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