SITE SURVEYING PRESENTATION

DBN 133
THE TYPES SOURSES OF ERROR OCCURED
IN THE LINEAR MEASURING

PRESENTED BY:

AFIQ HANNAN BIN HAMDAN :2010856094

ROSMAWATI BINTI CHE ISMAIL :2010671696
NADZIRAH BINTI ENCHE ZAHARI :2010691482
FATIN FARHANA BINTI AZMAN :2010499464
CHE MOHD ALIF ASYRAF CHE ABDULLAH :2010299878
MOHAMAD ALIFF BIN MOHD REDZUAN :2010677832
Find the task define the type of source of error occurred in linear measuring.

ERROR

•Error is difference, after blunders have been eliminated, between a

measured or calculated value of a quantity and the true or established
value of a quantity.

We can use a lot of methods to try to minimize our errors, but we can
never eliminate them. For the purposes of working with errors, we
can divide them into three groups: gross, systematic and random
errors. This division is based on what causes the errors and how we
deal with them, rather than any other aspect of their nature. You will
see other classification
schemes, but this one is both comprehensive and useful.
 Errors in Surveying
Linear Measurement

SOURCES OF ERROR

• Gross
• Systematic
• Random
• Chance
• Bias
• Confounder
Gross errors
Gross errors are those which we can also call `blunders'. They can be of any size or nature, and tend to occur
through carelessness. Writing down the wrong value, reading the instrument incorrectly, measuring to the
wrong mark; these are gross errors. They can be caused by people, machinery, weather conditions and
various other things. We deal with gross errors by
careful procedures and relentless checking of our work.

Examples of blunders are as follows:

• Transposing two numbers.
• Neglecting to level an instrument.
• Not placing the sighting point over the correct point.
• Misplacing the decimal point.
• Misunderstanding a call out.
• Not sighting the point that corresponds to the point name or number
put in the data collector.
• Not occupying the point that corresponds to the point name or number
put in the data collector.

Blunders are caused by carelessness, misunderstanding, confusion, or poor judgment.

They may be avoided by alertness, common sense, and good judgment. Blunders
can be detected and eliminated by following prescribed procedures. Some procedures
that can help detect blunders are:
• Making independent measurements at a different time and setup or
from a different point.
• Carefully checking out-of-tolerance messages in the data collector.
• Carefully checking plot of survey for greatly misplaced points.
• Ensuring that survey crew members are knowledgeable of work being
performed.
Systematic Errors

A systematic error is an error that will always have the same magnitude
and the same algebraic sign under the same conditions.

Systematic error are those which we can model mathematically and

therefore correct. They are caused by the mathematical model of the
procedure that we are using being different to what is going on in the
real world. We reduce and compute with measurements on the basis of
models and if the models are not complete, we will have discrepancies.
For example, if we measure a distance without allowing for the slope of
the tape, we will have a systematic error, which can be eliminated if we
use the correct model of the measurement process. We can eliminate,
or at least minimize, systematic errors by careful work, using the
appropriate model for the process in use, and by using checks that will
reveal systematic errors in measurements. Note that checks that use the
same measurement processes may not detect some systematic errors, so
you have to be fairly creative in developing methods for detecting
systematic errors.
Random Errors

Random errors are those which have no apparent cause, but a consequence of
the measurement process itself. All measurements have to be done to some
limit of precision and we cannot predict the exact measurement we will
obtain. However, random errors have very definite statistical behavior and so
can be dealt with by statistical methods. Random errors are the small
differences between repeated measurements of the same quantity, often of
the order of the finest division in the measuring scale. We can eliminate or
minimize the effects of random errors by statistical procedures:

For example, we can adopt the mean of a set of measurements as the value to
be used in later calculations. With the idea of the ubiquity of errors in all our
measurements and everything we do, we can now look at one measurement
process and see how errors affect it. We will begin by looking at linear
measurements, such as those we make with tapes and such equipment as
Electronics Distance Measurement (EDM).
Personal Errors

Personal errors are caused by the physical limitations and observing habits
of an observer. They can be either systematic or accidental.
Personal systematic errors are caused by an observer’s tendency to react the
same way under the same conditions; for example, always measuring on the
slope to get a height of instrument or always sighting to a certain spot on the
target that is not the center. All observers, whether they believe it or not,
make a personal systematic error of a small degree on each individual
observation. Fortunately, such errors are minimized by using prescribed
procedures.
Personal accidental errors are caused by the physical limitations of an observer,
such as sight and touch. As with systematic errors, accidental errors will
always be present to some small degree in every observation. Common sense
and attention to prescribed procedures generally keep such errors to a
minimum.
Instrument Error

Instrumental errors are caused by imperfections in the design,

construction,
and adjustment of instruments and other equipment. Some such
imperfections
are as follows:
1) Prism offset not being the exact value stated by the
manufacturer.
2) Misadjustment of collimation in total stations.
3) Misadjustment of plate levels.
Most instrumental errors are minimized by using prescribed procedures,
such as balancing foresights and backsights and repeating measurements.
Instrumental errors that are not minimized by procedures must be
minimized
by maintaining a regular program of periodically checking and adjusting
(or
calibrating) instruments and other equipment.
Natural Errors

Natural errors result from natural physical conditions such as atmospheric

pressure, temperature, humidity, gravity, wind, and atmospheric refraction.Natural
errors are systematic; however, they can have the same effect as
accidental errors if they are undetected or determined incorrectly.
Such errors are removed from measurements by determining the
corresponding corrections from known relationships between error and natural
phenomena. The ppm correction for temperature and pressure is a familiar
example. The natural effect of curvature and refraction can be eliminated in
leveling by balancing foresights and backsights. Curvature is the offset
from the tangent of the curve. As a result of the curvature of the earth and
refraction, this offset is approximately 0.574 feet for a point 1 mile away and
varies as the square of the distance. Refraction is the bending of light rays in
passing from one transparent medium into one that has a different index of
refraction. The angle of refraction is the angle that the refracted ray makes
with the normal to the surface separating the two media.
THE END