16/17 Semester 3

Chem. Eng. Thermodynamics

(TKK-2137)

Instructor: Rama Oktavian

Email: Oktavian.rama2@gmail.com
Office Hr.: M.10-15, Tu. 08-12, W. 13-15, Th. 13-15, F. 09-11
 Outlines

1. Thermodynamic terms review

2. Thermodynamic properties

3. 1st law thermodynamics review

 Thermodynamic terms
What is thermodynamic?

the study of the transformations of energy

enables us to discuss all matters quantitatively and to

make useful predictions

e.g: The release of energy can be used to provide

heat when a fuel burns in a furnace, to produce
mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine, and
to generate electrical work when a chemical reaction
pumps electrons through a circuit
 Thermodynamic terms
What is thermodynamic?
Thermodynamics is the science of energy. A
sound understanding of thermodynamics will
allow you to determine how energy is controlled
and converted in devices.
Thermodynamics is at the heart of every aspect
of
design of an engine.
design of respirator.
And many more devices.
----- Engineering Thermodynamics, J.B. Jones,
R.E. Dugan (Prentice Hall, 1996)
// p.1
 Thermodynamic terms
Thermodynamic terms

A thermodynamic system is
that part of the physical
universe
the properties of which are
under investigation
A system is isolated when
the boundary prevents any
interaction with the
surroundings

A system is called open

when mass passes across
the boundary, closed when
no mass passes the
boundary
 Thermodynamic terms
Thermodynamic terms

Properties of a System - physical attributes that are perceived by the senses, or

are made perceptible by certain experimental methods of investigation

1. non-measurable, as the kinds of substances composing a system and the

states of aggregation of its parts

2. measurable, as pressure and volume, to which a numerical value can be

assigned by a direct or indirect comparison with a standard
 Thermodynamic terms

State of a System. A system is in a definite state when each of its properties has
a definite value.

Change in State, Path, Cycle, Process. Let a system undergo a change in its
state from a specified initial to a specified final state

The change in state is completely defined when the initial and the final states are
specified

The path of the change in state is defined by giving the initial state, the sequence
of intermediate states arranged in the order traversed by the system, and the final
state
 Thermodynamic Systems
e.g., density, T, P, etc.
State of a system
Determined by the state of matters
constituting the system.
Gas / liquid / solid state or the coexistence of
more than one phases.
Single component / multi-components.
Equilibrium / nonequilibrium.

Process
A system changes its state from one to
another state.
Initial state / path / final state.
Reversible / irreversible processes.
 Thermodynamic Systems

The state of a system:

Determined by properties of matters within a
system, e.g., T, P, composition, density, etc.
Some properties are interrelated, e.g., T, P, mass,
and V.
The equation that correlates T, P, M, V is called the
equation of state (EOS).
The ideal gas law (an EOS) was identified while
studying low-density gases.
An universal temperature scale, the absolute
temperature scale, was defined.
Can be specified by specifying two
independent properties and masses of matters
of the system related to degree of freedom
 Thermodynamic terms

A process is the method of operation by means of which a change in state is

effected

State Variable, . . . . A state variable is one that has a definite value when the
state of a system is specified . . . .

Path Variable, Variable that do depend on path

 Thermodynamic properties

Properties of matters:
Intensive / Extensive properties, mass-
dependent or not.
Intensive properties: T, P, density, molar
volume, refractive index, etc.
Extensive properties: mass, volume, etc.

Properties whose quantity is proportional to the amount (mass)

of matter are called extrinsic properties, e.g., volume, gravity
force, energy, etc.

Properties whose quantity is independent of the amount (mass)

of matter are called intrinsic properties, e.g., density, T, P, color,
etc
 1st law thermodynamics

Thermodynamics was then developed to

study energy The first law deals with
energy interchanges. How efficiently can
energy be converted from one form to
another? Carnot answered this question,
leading to the second law of
thermodynamics
When the first and the second laws are
combined they lead to relations that tell
how much work is available in a given
situation, a concept called availability, or
exergy.
 1st law thermodynamics

Properties of matters:
Energy content of matters:

Kinetic Internal Potential Total Energy

Energy Energy Energy of matters

Other properties having the same unit as

energy
Enthalpy, Free energy, etc.

NOTE: Heat and Work are energies exchanged between a system and its
surrounding, not properties associated with matters.
 Thermodynamics: Is it important??

DIPPR, DECHEMA, Journal2

P T
Q, W, Equilibrium conditions
Physical & Chemical Processes

Published Measurements
data

Thermodynamic
Property
Activity coefficient
Process
(Wilson, NRTL, simulation
UNIQUAC, UNIFAC)
EoS: virial, vdW, RK,
SRK, PR, Gen.
Corrr.)

30% effort untuk physical properties

(Chen and Mathias, AIChE, 48 (2002) 194-200)