Physics 1 Module 1

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Module
Introductory Concepts,
Unit 1 - Introduction 1
Definitions and Units
DCC Code Revision Number Date of Effectivity

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Learning Objectives
Thermodynamics focuses on phase, phase equilibria and the three laws.
These topics are came from the books written by the people who played an
important role in the development of thermodynamics, including Robert Boyle, Sadi
Carnot, Charles Cagniard de la Tour, Émile Clapeyron, Julius Robert von Mayer,
Hermann von Helmholtz, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), Thomas
Andrews, James Clerk Maxwell, Josiah Willard Gibbs, Johannes Diderik van der
Waals, François-Marie Raoult, Émile-Hilaire Amagat, and Walter Nernst.
The Physics of Heat
In a substance also known as thermodynamics, focuses largely on how a heat
transfer is related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a
thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work being done by the
system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics.
Upon reading this chapter, you are able to gain understanding regarding to
the following: Basic concepts of Thermodynamics, Basic definitions and units used,
Archimedes Principle, Pressure and its scale and lastly, the Temperature.
From this module you are expected to:
 Recognize terms associated with thermodynamics.
 Describe basic concepts of thermodynamics.
 Identify the properties of a system.
 Fully understand the concepts of temperature.
Let us define terms!
Familiarize yourself with the following terminologies. They will be useful as you go
through the module.
 Thermodynamics - Is the study of energy, its transformation, and its
relation to its matter. It is also defined as the science of energy.
 Energy - Is the ability causes changes. It can be categorized into either
stored or transient form.
 Length - Measures distance between objects.

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 Volume - Measures the amount of space something.

 Mass - Measures the amount of matter in an object.
 Temperature - Is a measure of the kinetic energy of the atoms in an
object.
 Acceleration - The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
 Density (ρ) – Is a mass per unit of volume.
 Specific volume (Vs) – Is the volume occupied by a unit mass of fluid. It
is the reciprocal of density
 Specific gravity (sg) – (or relative density) is a unitless ratio of a fluid’s
density to some standard reference density.
 Pressure - Is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
 System - Is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space chosen
for a study.
 Surroundings - The mass or region outside the system.
 Boundary - The real or imaginary surface that separates the system
from its surroundings.
 Property - Any characteristic of a system.
 Equilibrium - implies a state of balance.
 Process - A system that undergoes any change from one equilibrium
state to another.
 Path - The series of states through which a system passes during a
process.
Lesson 1 - Introcution
Every science has its own vocabulary associated with it. Precise definition of
basic concepts and prevent possible misunderstanding careful study of this concept
is essential for a good understanding of topics in thermodynamics.
The study of changes in energy associated with physical and chemical
reaction is called as thermodynamics. In general, it is the study of effect of work,
heat and energy on a system.

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Thermodynamics is the study of the energy, specifically heat energy, that

accompanies chemical or physical changes.
The conception of “heat” arises from that particular sensation of warmth or
coldness which is immediately experienced on touching a body. This direct sensation,
however, furnishes no quantitative scientific measure of a body’s state with regards
to heat: it yields only qualitative results, which vary according to external
circumstances.
THE CONCEPT OF THERMODYNAMICS
Every science has its own vocabulary associated with it. Precise definition of
basic concepts and prevent possible misunderstanding careful study of this concept
is essential for a good understanding of topics in thermodynamics.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat and
temperature, and their relation to energy, work radiation, and properties of matter.
There are two types of conservation equation, namely Conservation of Mass,
Conservation of Energy also known as the First Law of Thermodynamics and
Second Law of Thermodynamics.
First Law of Thermodynamics - it is the one of the most fundamental laws of
nature is the conservation of energy principle. It states that when or during an
interaction of energy can change from one another but the amount of energy
conserve will remain constant.
Second Law of Thermodynamics - Energy is composed of quality and quantity
and it has actual processes occur in the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
Thermodynamics has evolve through times, whenever there is an interaction
between energy and matter. Some examples are air-conditioning system, refrigerator,
water heaters, pressure cooker, thermos etc.
BASIC DEFINITIONS OF THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the
relationships between heat and other forms of energy. In particular, it describes how
thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it affects
matter. It is the science of relationship between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
In broad terms, thermodynamics deals with the transfer of energy from one

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place to another and from one form to another. The key concept is that heat is a
form of energy corresponding to a definite amount of mechanical work.
This is the science of energy, including energy storage and energy in transit.
The Conservation of Energy Principle states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but can only change its form. The three forms of energy storage of
greatest interest to us are Potential Energy (PE), Kinetic Energy (KE), and Internal
Energy (U), which we introduce below. The two The two forms of energy in transit
that we consider are Work (W) and Heat (Q), and the interactions between these
various forms of energy are defined in terms of the First Law of Thermodynamics.
It is included in the field of physics that deals with the relationship between
heat and other properties (such as pressure, density, temperature, etc.) in a
substance. Specifically, thermodynamics focuses largely on how a heat transfer is
related to various energy changes within a physical system undergoing a
thermodynamic process. Such processes usually result in work being done by the
system and are guided by the laws of thermodynamics.
In simplest term, thermodynamics is the science of energy. it includes energy
storage and energy in transit. The Conservation of Energy Principle states that
energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only change its form. The three
forms of energy storage of greatest interest to us are Potential Energy (PE),
Kinetic Energy (KE), and Internal Energy (U), which we introduce below. The
two forms of energy in transit that we consider are Work (W) and Heat (Q), and the
interactions between these various forms of energy are defined in terms of the First
Law of Thermodynamics.
The analysis of thermal systems is achieved through the application of the
governing conservation equations, namely Conservation of Mass, Conservation
of Energy (1st law of thermodynamics), the 2nd law of thermodynamics
and the property relations. Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.
SYSTEM UNIT USED
There are two widely used systems of units: the International System
(or Systeme International d'Unites in French), S.I.; and the English System.

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The base units in the S.I. system are meters (m) for length, second (s) for
time, and kilogram (kg) for mass. The force unit is derived using Newton's 2nd Law:
F = ma = 1 kg (1 m/s2) = 1 kg m/s2 = 1 N
The base units in the English system are foot (ft) for length, second (s) for
time, and pound-force (lbf) for force. The mass unit is derived using Newton's 2nd
Law:
m = F/a = 1 lb/(ft/s2) = 1 lb s2/ft
= 1 slug = 32.174 lbm
Unit S.I. English

Length meter (m) foot (ft)
Time second (s) second (s)
Mass kilogram (kg) slug (slug)
Force newton (N) pound (lb)
blue = derived units
Source:https://thermo.pressbooks.com/chapter/chapter-1/

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BASIC DEFINITIONS AND THEIR UNITS

Thermodynamics is a very important branch of both physics and chemistry. It
deals with the study of energy, the conversion of energy between different forms and
the ability of energy to do work and it can be defined as the study of energy, energy
transformations and its relation to matter. The word thermodynamics comes from the
Greek word thermos which means heat and dynamics which means power.
Essentially, thermodynamics is a science which studies the changes in temperature,
pressure, and volume on physical systems on the macroscopic scale by analyzing
the collective motion of their particles through observation and statistics. Because
heat means energy in transit and dynamics is associated with movement;
thermodynamics studies the movement of energy and how energy creates movement.
Here are some UNITS OF THERMODYNAMICS:
Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions. The arbitrary
magnitudes assigned to the dimensions are called units. There are two types of
dimensions, primary or fundamental and secondary or derived dimensions.
Primary dimensions are: mass, m; length, L; time, t; temperature, T
Secondary dimensions are the ones that can be derived from primary
dimensions such as: velocity (m/s2), pressure (Pa = kg/m.s2).
There are two unit systems currently available SI (International System) and
USCS (United States Customary System) or English system. We, however, will use
SI units exclusively in this course. The SI units are based on decimal relationship
between units. The prefixes used to express the multiples of the various units are
listed in Table.
Source: https://studylib.net/doc/10689191/measures--english--metric--and-equivalents-

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Source: https://studylib.net/doc/10689191/measures--english--metric--and-equivalents-

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SAMPLE PROBLEM
 Example 1: A car's speedometer doesn't measure feet per second, so I'll have to
convert to some other measurement. I choose "miles per hour". I know the
following conversions: 1 minute = 60 seconds, 60 minutes = 1 hour,
and 5280 feet = 1 mile.
If 1 minute equals 60 seconds (and it does), then
 Example 2: They gave me something with "feet" on top so, in my "5280 feet to 1
mile" conversion factor, I'll need to put the "feet" underneath so as to cancel with
what they gave me, which will force the "mile" up top. This is right where I
wanted it, so I'm golden.
= I would have to drive 45 miles per hour

 Example 3: You are mixing some concrete for a home project, and you've
calculated according to the directions that you need six gallons of water for your
mix. But your bucket isn't calibrated, so you don't know how much it holds. On
the other hand, you just finished a two-liter bottle of soda. If you use the bottle to
measure your water, how many times will you need to fill it?
For this, I take the conversion factor of 1 gallon = 3.785 liters. This gives me:
= (6 × 3.785) liters = 22.71 L

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Since my bottle holds two liters, then:
= I should fill my bottle completely eleven times.

 Example 4 - Convert 5 cm to inches
5 cm x 1 inch = 1.97 inches
2.54 cm
 Example 5 - convert 15 m to feet
15 m x 3.28 feet = 49. 2 feet
1m
 Example 6 - Convert 10 m to yards
10 m x 1 yard = 10.99 yards
0.91 m
 Example 7 - Convert 10 km to miles
10 km x 0.62 mi = 6.2 miles
1 km
 Example 8 - Convert 20 ft to meters
20 ft. x 0.30 meters = 6 meters
1 ft.
Self Check - 1
Convert the following

1. 52 cm to ft.
2. 4 m to inches
3. 2 yards to meter
4. 33 ft to meter
5. 5 miles to kilometer

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Lesson 2 - System of Units used
Newton's law states that 'the acceleration of a particular body is directly

proportional to the resultant force acting on itand inversely proportional to its mass.
= =
=
K is proportionally constant.
Acceleration
Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object

changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity.
∆
=
SAMPLE PROBLEM
1. Suppose you’re driving 90.0 kilometers an hour and suddenly see red flashing
lights in the rearview mirror. You pull over, taking 20.0 seconds to come to a
stop. What was your average acceleration, in m/sec2?
1 ℎ
Solution: 90 × × 1
= 0.025
60 60
1000
0.025 × = 25
1

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Mass and Weight
The mass of the body is the absolute quantity of matter in it. The weight
means the force of the gravity on the body.
 To find an object’s mass using its weight, the formula is Mass equals Weight
divided by the Acceleration of Gravity (M = W ÷ G).
 Units: Because mass and weight are separate quantities, they have different
units of measure. In the International System of Units (SI), the kilogram is the
basic unit of mass, and the newton is the basic unit of force. The non-SI
kilogram-force is also a unit of force typically used in the measure of weight.
 How to find: To convert between mass and weight, you use the value for
gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 meters per second squared. To calculate
the weight, W, in Newton, you multiply the mass, m, in kilograms times g: W =
mg. To get mass from weight, you divide the weight by g: m = W/g.
SAMPLE PROBLEM:
 Example 1 - The mass of an object was measured as 110 grams.

What is the weight of the object in Newtons? (1000 g = 1 kg, 1 kg = 9.8 N)
Convert mass to kg: 110 × 1

= 0.11
1000
Next convert kg to N 0.11 × 9.8 2

= 1.078
 Example 2 - The weight of an elephant was measured as 8.5 N. What is the

mass of the elephant in kg?
Solution: 8.5
9.8
= 0.87
2

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Volume of Solids
The volume of a solid is the number of unit cubes it takes to fill up the solid.
 Cube = ℎ × ℎ × ℎ ℎ
Example:
v= l× × ℎ
v= 6 × 4 × 7 = 168 3
 Circular Cylinder = 2
ℎ
= 3.1416
= ÷ 2
Example:
= 2
ℎ
= 3.1416 × 4 2
×10
= 502.66 3
 Cone = 1 2
ℎ
3
Example: = 1 2ℎ
3

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1
= × 3.1416 × 4 2 × 5 = 83.78 3

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 Prism = 1
2
ℎ
Example: 1
ℎ
2
3
=
1
= × 4 × 6 × 12 = 144
2
 Sphere = 4 3
3
Example:
4 3
=
3
4
= × 3.1416 × 53 = 5236.6 3
3
Lesson 3 - Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ Principle a principle discovered by Greek scientist Archimedes that

states that “any body immersed in a fluid is acted upon by an upward force (buoyant
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force) equal to the weight of the displaced fluids”.
This principle, also known as the law of hydrostatics, applies to both float and
submerged bodies, and to all fluids.
= 2
− 1
= .2 − (.1 )
= .2 − .1

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Where: y= unit weight of fluid, VD = volume displayed or volume of the body below
the liquid surface.
For homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at rest:
= =
If the body of height H has a constant horizontal cross-sectional area such as vertical
cylinders, blocks etc.
= =
If the body is of uniform vertical cross-sectional area A, the area submerged Asis:
= =
Self Check - 2
1. A vertical rectangular plane of

height d and base b is submerged in a liquid
with its top edge at the liquid surface.
Determine the total force F acting on one
side and its location from liquid surface.
2. A vertical circular gate or radius r is

submerged in a liquid with its top edged
flushed on the liquid surface. Determine
the magnitude and location of the total
force acting on one side of the gate.

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3. An inclined circular with water on one

side is shown in the figure. Determine
the total resultant force acting on the
gate.
Lesson 4 - Pressure
PRESSURE
The amount of force exerted (thrust) on a surface per unit area is defined as
‘Pressure’. It can also be defined as the ratio of the force to the area (over which the
force is acting).
P=F/A
where: F = applied force to the specified area A = area
Types of pressure
 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure associated with the atmosphere due

to the weight of air. Although this pressure varies according to location and
weather patterns, an average value at sea level is 101.325 kPa.
Standard Atmospheric Pressure
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 Bar = 760 mmHg
760 mmHg = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg

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 Gauge pressure is the amount by which pressure differs from atmospheric

pressure. This is measure with a gauge that measures the pressure above (or
below) atmospheric pressure. The gauge pressure below atmospheric is call
vacuum.
 Although there is no limit to how high a pressure can be, there is a limit to how
low it can be. This point of absolute minimum is the absolute zero pressure
(no pressure at all). Absolute pressure is pressure measured above this zero
point.
Pabs = Patm + Pgage
Pabs = Patm – Pvacuum
 Pressure Variation with Liquid Column
For a substance of constant density (such as a liquid), the pressure at

any vertical position due to the self-weight of the substance above the
datum is dependent of the surface area and is given by the equation:
= ℎ
Where: y= specific weight of liquid, h= height of the liquid
Thermodynamic system
 A region in space in which investigation is going on or small part of the

universe to which we can apply laws of thermodynamics.
 The system is microscopically identifiable collection of matteron which we
focus our attention
 Thermodynamic system is analogous to free body diagram to which apply the
thermodynamics (i.e. Newton’s law of Motion)

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SURROUNDING - The combination of matter and

space external to the system that may be influenced
by changes in the system is called surrounding
environment.
 A thermodynamic system can be classified as

open, closed or isolated, according to the exchanges that can occur with the
surroundings.
 Closed system- exchanges of energy but not of matter.
Examples: piston cylinder assembly, air in a balloon

and mercury in a thermometer and pressure
cooker.
 Open system- exchanges of energy and matter
Examples: pump, turbine, air conditioner, hair blower.
 Isolated system- does not exchange energy or matter.
Examples of a partially isolated system is a thermos
BOUNDARY - Thermodynamic system and surrounding are separated by an

envelope called boundary of the system. The boundary can be real or imaginary and
may change, volume, position and orientation relative to the observer.

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ACTIVITY: POPPING POPCORN (first law of Thermodynamics)
Materials: Popcorn kernels, small pot with lid, a stove

Procedure:
1. Heat the pan over a low fire.
2. Put the popcorn in the pan and cover it with lid.
3. Wait for a few minutes for all the kernels to pop.
4. Observe.
Answer the following:
1. What happen to the lid of the pot?
2. What do you think is the thermodynamic system that we should consider here?
Is it the pot? Popcorn? Or the lid? Explain.
3. Describe the energy transfer in and out of the system.
Thermodynamic Properties - Any measurable quantity that is used to describe the

condition or state of Thermodynamic System.
EXAMPLE: Temperature, Pressure, Chemical Composition, Color, Volume, etc.
TYPES OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY
 EXTENSIVE PROPERTY - whose value depends on mass or extent of

a system. These are properties that are dependent on size of the
system such as mass, volume, and total energy U. They are additive.
Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties, e.g.
specific volume (v=V/m).
Example: energy, enthalpy, entropy etc.
 INTENSIVE PROPERTY - whose value is independent on size or extent.
Example:. Temperature, Pressure, Density etc.

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HOMOGENEOUS THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM- system that has single or uniform

phase such as like solid or liquid or gaseous
Example: a. Ice, water, dry saturated steam
b. Mixture of air and water vapor
c. Water plus nitric acid
HETEROGENEOUS SYSTEM - The system that has more than one phase i.e. the
combination of solid, liquid and gaseous state.
Example: Mixture of ice and water, Water plus gasoline, Wet steam
(Vapors in contact with liquid being evaporated)
Mass and Weight- the mass (m) of a body is the measure of the amount of material
present in that body. The weight (wt.) of a body is the force exerted by that body
when its mass is accelerated in a gravitational field.
wt. = mg/g
where:
 wt. = weight (lbf)

 m = mass (lbm)
 g = acceleration of gravity = 32.17 ft/sec2
TYPES OF PROPERTIES
 WEIGHT is the force due to the gravitational pull of the earth.

 MASS is the absolute quantity of matter in a substance. It is in variant with
location: the mass of the body is the same anywhere in the universe
1 kgm = 2.2046 lbm
1 slug = 32.174 lbm

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 DENSITY is the mass per unit volume. It is a measure of the size of the
molecules and how closely the molecules are spaced in a material.
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT/WEIGHT DENSITY is the weight per unit volume of the

material.
= = =
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY/RELATIVE DENSITY is the ratio of the density of a

substance to the density of a standard substance. For liquid the standard
substance is water and for gas the standard substance is air at same pressure
and temperature.
. . =
 Volume
 Cube = ℎ × ℎ × ℎ ℎ
 Circular Cylinder = ℎ
2
 Cone = 1 2ℎ
3
 Prism = 1
ℎ
2
 Sphere = 4 3
3
 Specific Volume – volume per unit mass
Specific Volume = V/m

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 Temperature is the measure of hotness and coldness of the body.

 Temperature Scale
 Absolute Temperature Scale
Ex. Kelvin & Rankine
 Temperature Scale
℉ − 32
℉ → ℃ =
1.8
℃ → ℉ = 1.8 × ℃ + 32
= ℃ + 273
= ℉ + 459.67
 PRESSURE is the force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
where: F = applied force to the specified areaA = area
Self Check 3- Answer the following questions
1. If a pump discharges 75 gpm of water whose specific weight is 61.5

lb/ft3 (g=31.95fps2), find a. the mass flow rate, lb/min. and b. the total time
required to fill a vertical cylindrical tank 10ft in diameter and 10ft high.
2. A cylindrical drum (2 ft diameter, 3 ft height) is filled with a fluid whose density is
50 lb/ft3. Determine a. total volume of fluid, b. its total mass in slugs, c. its
specific volume, d. its specific weight where g= 31.90 fps2.
3. To what weight will standard barometric pressure sustain a vertical column of
water, whose density is 62.2 lb/ft3, in a region where g=32.0 fps2.
4. Convert standard atmospheric pressure (14.696 psia or 760mm Hg whose
density is 13.5951 gm/cm3) in torr, micron, and microbar.
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5. What is the specific weight of water at standard condition?

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Lesson 5 - Temperature
Temperature is measured with a thermometer. The basic operating principle behind

all thermometers is that there is some quantity, called a thermometric variable, that
changes in response to changes in temperature.
Fahrenheit is a temperature scale that bases the boiling point of water at 212 and
the freezing point at 32. It was developed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit, a German-
born scientist who lived and worked primarily in the Netherlands. Today, the scale is
used primarily in the United States and some Caribbean countries. The rest of the
world uses the Celsius scale.
Celsius is a measurement of temperature in which 0 degrees represents the

freezing point of water, and 100 degrees represents water’s boiling point at the
standard atmosphere, which is the mean barometric pressure at the mean sea level.
This temperature scale was developed by Swedish astronomer Andres Celsius in
1742. Celsius is credited with being the first astronomer to analyze the changes in
the Earth’s magnetic field, and he developed measuring tools to assess the
brightness of stars.
Kelvin temperature scale was the brainchild of Belfast-born British inventor and
scientist William Thomson — also known as Lord Kelvin. It is one of the three best-
known scales used to measure temperature, along with Fahrenheit and Celsius.Like
other temperature scales, the freezing and boiling points of water are factors in
establishing the scale’s range. There are 100 degrees between the temperate at
which water freezes at (273.16 K) and boils (373.16 K).Each unit on this scale, called
a Kelvin rather than a degree, is equal to a degree on the Celsius scale. For this
reason, just the K, not the degree symbol, is used when reporting temperatures in

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Kelvin. There are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale, as the lowest number is
0 K.
Rankine is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale named after the Glasgow

University engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it
in 1859 (first proposed in 1848). The symbol for degrees Rankine is °R (or °Ra if
necessary to distinguish it from the Rømer and Réaumur scales). Zero on both the
Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as
equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the
Kelvin scale. A temperature of −459.67 °F is exactly equal to 0 °R.
COMPARISON OF TEMPERATURE SCALE.

CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURE
℉ − 32
℉ → ℃ =
1.8
℃ → ℉ = 1.8 × ℃ + 32
= ℃ + 273

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= ℉ + 459.67

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Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that “when two bodies are in
thermal equilibrium with a third body, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other
and hence are at the same temperature”. Consider two blocks of materials, say, iron;
if these two blocks are brought together and there is no change in any observable
property, then the two blocks are said to be in thermal equilibrium and their
temperatures are the same.
Self Check- 4
Convert the following:
1. 34.80°C to °F and K
2. 113 °F to °C and K
3. Convert -40 °C to °F and °R
4. 1752 °R to °C and K
5. 373 K to °F and °R
Lesson 5 - Temperature
Lets Summarized!
 Thermodynamics is branch of physical science that deals with the relationship

between heat and other forms of energy.
 Conservation of energy is the 1st law of thermodynamics.
 The second law of Thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated
system can never decrease over time.
 Any physical quantity can be characterized by dimensions.
 Newton's law states that 'the acceleration of a particular body is directly
proportional to the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its
mass.
 Archimedes' Principle states that states that “any body immersed in a fluid is
acted upon by an upward force (buoyant force) equal to the weight of the
displaced fluids”.

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 A thermodynamic system is a body of matter it and/or radiation, confined in

space by walls, with defined permeability, which separate it from its surroundings.
 Weight is the force due to the gravitational pull of the earth.
 Temperature is the measure of hotness and coldness of the body.
 Pressure the perpendicular force per unit area, or the stress at a point within a
confined fluid.
Self-Assessment Questions
I. Multiple Choice - Choose the letter of the correct answer . write it on a

separate sheets.
1. The newton is a unit of:
a) Mass
b) Force
c) Pressure
d) energy
2. Which of the following is not a unit of mass?
a) Gram
b) Pound
c) Pint
d) Ton
3. A square meter is a unit of:
a) Volume
b) Length
c) Area
d) Energy
4. Which of these is a unit of volume?
a) Ergs
b) nanometers hi
c) Milligrams
d) cubic centimeters

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5. The kilometer is a unit of:

a) Mass
b) Length
c) Force
d) Frequency
6. A unit of electric resistance is the:

a) Ohm
b) Weber
c) Tesla
d) henry
7. The Pascal is a unit of:
a) Power
b) Energy
c) Force
d) Pressure
8. Which of the following is not a unit of temperature?
a) Kelvin
b) British thermal unit or BTU
c) degrees Celsius
d) degrees Fahrenheit
9. The watt is a unit of
a) Power
b) electric current
c) Force
d) electric charge
10. Which of the following is a unit of luminous intensity?
a) lux
b) Candela
c) lumen
d) Farad
11. Which of the following represents the energy in storage?

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a) Heat
b) Work
c) internal energy
d) boundary energy
12. It is the science of the relationship between heat, work, temperature and energy.
a) Law of Conservation of Energy
b) Gas Law
c) Fluid Static
d) Thermodynamics
13. This Law of Thermodynamics states that “Heat does not flow spontaneously
from a colder region to a hotter region, or, equivalently, heat at a given
temperature cannot be converted entirely into work. What law is it?
a) First Law of Thermodynamics
b) Second Law of Thermodynamics
c) Third Law of Thermodynamics
d) Fourth Law of Thermodynamics
14. What is the unit of Power?
a) Joule
b) Watt
c) Ampere
d) Ohms
15. How much Kelvin is there at 1 degree Celsius?
a) 271.15 K
b) 272.15 K
c) 273.15 K
d) 274.15 K
II. Identification
16. mg/g
17. Patm + Pgage
18. Fluid per unit area
19. 2 − 1
20. Volume per unit mass

21. ℉ + 459.67

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22. 4 3
3
23.
24. Weight divided by the Acceleration of Gravity

∆
25.
III. Answer the following questions.
26. Which law of thermodynamics states that heat is a form of energy, and
thermodynamic processes are therefore subject to the principle of conservation
of energy?
27. Who formulated the Boyle’s Law?
28. It is system that can exchange both matter and energy with the surrounding.
What type of system it is?
29. It is the heat required to convert the state of matter of a substance without
changing its temperature.
30. It is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object.
31. It is defined as the energy stored in a system as a result of its position in the
earth’s gravitational field.
32. It is the ratio of the amount of heat required to change its temperature to cause
the same temperature change in the same mass of water.
IV. Computation
33. A balloon with a volume of 2.0 L is filled with a gas at 3 atm. If the pressure is
reduced to 0.5 atm without a change in temperature, what would be the final
volume of the balloon?
34. On a sunny day in summer, a temperature reads at 39 degree Celsius. What is
the temperature measurement in degree Fahrenheit?
35. Convert -12 degrees Fahrenheit to Kelvin.
36. The mass of a grape was recorded as 125 mg. What is the weight of the grape in
N? (Note: 1000 mg = 1 g, 1000 g = 1 kg)
37. The mass of an apple is 1.02 g and the weight of an orange is 0.05 N. Which is
heavier?
38. A bullet comes to rest in a block of wood in 1.0 x 10–2 seconds, with an
acceleration of –8.0 x 104 m/s2.What was its original speed, in meters per
second?
39. The light turns red, and you ease to a halt. Checking your stopwatch, you see
that you stopped in 4.5 seconds. Your acceleration was 1.23 x 10–3 miles per
second2 in a direction opposite to your original velocity.What was your original
speed in miles per hour?

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40-45 Find the volume of the following:
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

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45.
16. A farmer is lifting some moderately heavy rocks from a field to plant crops. He
lifts a stone that weighs 40.0 lb. (about 180 N). What force does he apply if the
stone accelerates at a rate of 1.5m/s2?
17. Calculate the density of 36 mL of solution that weighs 170 grams.
18. Calculate the density of 0.49 L of solution weighing 133 grams.
19. You decide you want to carry a boulder home from the beach. It is 30
centimeters on each side, and so has a volume of 27,000 cm3. It is made of
granite, which has a typical density of 2.8 g/cm3. How much will this boulder
weigh?
20. Rocks are sometimes used along coasts to prevent erosion. If a rock needs to
weigh 2,000 kilograms (about 2 tons) in order not to be shifted by waves, how
big (what volume) does it need to be? You are using basalt, which has a typical
density of 3200 kg/m3
Hand-In Assignment
Directions: Answerthe following questions
1. What is thermodynamics
2-3. Two types of Law conservation
4. It state that when or during an interaction of energy can change from
one another.
5. Site an example of first and second law of thermodynamics

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Convert the following measurements:

6. 7 cm = mm
7. 55 mm = cm
8. 2cm = mm
9. 75 mm = cm
10. 42mm = cm
11. 60 mm = cm
12. 80 mm = cm
13. 90 mm = cm
14. 5 cm = mm
15. 11 mm = cm
Solve for the Following:
16. What fraction of ice is submerged when it floats in freshwater, given the density
of water at 0°C is very close to 1000 kg/m3?
17. Find the density of a fluid in which a hydrometer having a density of 0.750 g/mL
floats with 92.0% of its volume submerged.
18. Bird bones have air pockets in them to reduce their weight—this also gives them
an average density significantly less than that of the bones of other animals.
Suppose an ornithologist weighs a bird bone in air and in water and finds its
mass is 45.0 g and its apparent mass when submerged is 3.60 g (the bone is
watertight).
a) What mass of water is displaced?
b) What is the volume of the bone?
c) What is its average density?
19. Archimedes’ principle can be used to calculate the density of a fluid as well as
that of a solid. Suppose a chunk of iron with a mass of 390.0 g in air is found to
have an apparent mass of 350.5 g when completely submerged in an unknown
liquid.
a) What mass of fluid does the iron displace?
b) What is the volume of iron, using its density as given in Table 1.
c) Calculate the fluid’s density and identify it.
20. Some fish have a density slightly less than that of water and must exert a force
(swim) to stay submerged. What force must an 85.0-kg grouper exert to stay

Province of Rizal
Page 33 of 35
submerged in salt water if its body density is 1015 kg/m3
21. What are the zero points in all three scale
22. What are the ice points in all three scale
23. Fill the missing numbers on the two scales.
Scenario °F °C
Steam point 100 °
Body Temperature 98.6 °
Hot Day 95 °
Cool Room 50 °
Ice Point 0°
Cold Day -5 °
24. Convert 353.5 °F to K
25. Convert 735.2 K to °F
Bahrami, M. Intro and Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics. ENSC 388

Demirel, Y. (2014). Nonequilibrium Thermodynamics (3rd edition). Elsevier B.V.
DeVoe, H. (2020). The system, Surroundings and Boundary. LibreTexts TM.
Drake, G. (2020). Thermodynamics. Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.
Elert, G. (2020). The Physics Hypertextbook. Physics.info
Gass, D.E.C. (2017). What is specific volume? Definition, Formula & units.
Study.com.
Nguyen, S.T. (2009). Physics 1: Thermodynamics. Ministry of Education and
Training. p. 7
Serway, R.; Faughn, J. (2003) College Physics 7th Edition. Thompson Book/Cole.
Sta. Maria, H. Thermodynamics 1. National Bookstore, Inc. p. 1-20.
Zimmermann, K.A. (2013). Fahrenheit: Facts, History & Conversion Formulas. Live
Science: Future U.S Inc.
Zimmermann, K.A. (2013). Celsius: Facts, Formulas & History. Live Science: Future
U.S Inc.
Zimmermann, K.A. (2013). Kelvin Temperature Scale: Facts and History. Live
Science: Future U.S Inc.

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UNIVERSITY OF RIZAL SYSTEM

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Let us define terms!

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 Volume - Measures the amount of space something.

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Thermodynamics is the study of the energy, specifically heat energy, that

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Unit S.I. English

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BASIC DEFINITIONS AND THEIR UNITS

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If 1 minute equals 60 seconds (and it does), then

= I would have to drive 45 miles per hour

= (6 × 3.785) liters = 22.71 L

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Since my bottle holds two liters, then:

= I should fill my bottle completely eleven times.

Convert the following

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Lesson 2 - System of Units used

Newton's law states that 'the acceleration of a particular body is directly

Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object

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Mass and Weight

 Example 1 - The mass of an object was measured as 110 grams.

Convert mass to kg: 110 × 1

Next convert kg to N 0.11 × 9.8 2

 Example 2 - The weight of an elephant was measured as 8.5 N. What is the

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Lesson 3 - Archimedes’ Principle

Archimedes’ Principle a principle discovered by Greek scientist Archimedes that

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For homogeneous solid body of volume V “floating” in a homogeneous fluid at rest:

1. A vertical rectangular plane of

2. A vertical circular gate or radius r is

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3. An inclined circular with water on one

where: F = applied force to the specified area A = area

 Atmospheric pressure is the pressure associated with the atmosphere due

Standard Atmospheric Pressure

1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 1.01325 Bar = 760 mmHg

760 mmHg = 14.7 psi = 29.92 in. Hg

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 Gauge pressure is the amount by which pressure differs from atmospheric

Pabs = Patm + Pgage

Pabs = Patm – Pvacuum

 Pressure Variation with Liquid Column

For a substance of constant density (such as a liquid), the pressure at

Where: y= specific weight of liquid, h= height of the liquid

 A region in space in which investigation is going on or small part of the

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SURROUNDING - The combination of matter and

 A thermodynamic system can be classified as

Examples: piston cylinder assembly, air in a balloon

 Open system- exchanges of energy and matter

Examples: pump, turbine, air conditioner, hair blower.

 Isolated system- does not exchange energy or matter.

Examples of a partially isolated system is a thermos

BOUNDARY - Thermodynamic system and surrounding are separated by an