Cricital Jurnal

Review
Ayu A rra h m a h Fa z r y a n i
M e l ly A b d e l l ina S ib o r o
 *Background*
Journal review is an activity to review a journal in order to understand
what presented in the journal.Basically, a journal review focuses on
evaluating the strengths and weaknesses, what is interesting, and how the
journal can change perceptions and ways of thinking as well as a
.
consideration of whether from the knowledge obtained,able to increase
understanding of a particular field of study. Reviewing journals too can
train the ability to analyze and evaluate the discussion presented writer,
so that it becomes a valuable input for other writing creative processes.
In addition to readers, this critical review journal has the aim of
providing readers with guidance in choose a journal related to A
Classical Physics Review for Modern Physics
 Purpose
1. To know the advantages and
disadvantages of the journal
2. To fulfill the task of the english
for physic course
3. To add insight into the material
discussed
Problem Formulation
1. What is the content of the existing
journal?
2. What are the advantages of
existing journals?
3. What are the weaknesses of the
existing journals?.
Journal Summary

Some of the most important ideas in physics are
conservation laws. In introductory physics we learn of three
important conserved quantities: energy, momentum and
angular momentum. For these quantities to be
conserved, of course, the system must be isolated, so that
they are not altered by external influences. It is
easily overlooked that these quantities are important
because they are conserved. The quantity mgy, for
instance—celebrated as gravitational potential energy—
would be of little interest to physicists if a ball thrown
upward could speed up, that is, if energy were not
conserved. It has meaning when we say that the ball must
slow down—lose kinetic energy—because it is gaining
potential energy. We cannot prove that these special
quantities are conserved; conservation laws, like all physical
laws, are fundamental things we observe to hold
true, not things we prove or derive from more-basic ideas.
We accept the laws then build upon the
foundation
Energy
In an isolated system, total energy neither increases nor decreases.
While familiarity surely makes the idea
seem reasonable, verification requires that we account for energy in all
its forms, and this is no simple matter.
Energy is a most varied conserved quantity. Indeed, whenever
experiments have appeared to show a loss or
gain, strong belief in the law has lead to new, previously hidden forms
being postulated—and found. Still, we
can go a long way by considering only a few of the most prevalent
forms
Momentum—and Force, its time rate of
change
Energy is a scalar. There is a physical principle that says that for each
“symmetry” there will be a conserved
quantity. We won’t investigate this interesting principle; we simply use it
to give some insight into the next
conserved quantity. Our observations indicate that the physical universe
obeys the same laws—behaves the
same way—at one instant in time as at the next. The consequence of this
“symmetry in time” is energy
conservation. The physical universe also seems to obey the same laws if
we stand at one location or at
another. The consequence of this “symmetry in space” is another
conservation law. But since space is threedimensional,
so is the conserved quantity: Momentum is a vector
Thermodynamics
One of the first things we must confront in trying to understand the
physical world is systems of countless particles whose microscopic
behaviors are beyond our control. We call such systems
thermodynamic systems, and the number of particles is huge. The
number of air molecules in a typical classroom, for example, is about
1028. In a modern computer microchip, even just one of the millions
of transistors—a micrometer on a side—contains many millions of
silicon atoms. We simply cannot know, much less control, what each
of the atoms or molecules is doing. Yet, there are limitations on
overall behaviors in thermodynamic systems. The most far-reaching
are the fundamental laws of thermodynamics.
Entropy
Students of introductory physics are often bombarded with
seemingly different statements of the second law of
thermodynamics, based on seemingly different ideas. There
is one unifying idea. Given fixed values of certain overall
properties of a system—its total energy, its volume and the
number of particles—a disordered arrangement of particles
and energy is more probable than an ordered one; the
system will thus most likely move toward the more
disordered state, and if the number of particles is huge, the
probability of it doing otherwise is virtually zero. In short:
Isolated thermodynamic systems are extremely unlikely to
move toward more-ordered states
Energy
Unlike the looming potential energy of a boulder
teetering on the edge of a precipice or the obvious kinetic
energy it gains if it falls, the random energies internal to
a thermodynamic system are neither easily seen nor
easily cataloged. As a place for other forms of energy to
end up, internal energy seems quite hospitable—all
the kinetic energy of a falling book may become invisible
internal energy in the book and floor in the blink of
an eye. But it is randomly distributed among countless
atoms, so it tends to be viewed differently. Indeed, in
an important sense it is different, as we see when we
discuss the second law of thermodynamics. Still it is
energy, and energy conservation has made sense as an
accepted law of physics only when we take internal
energy into account
Temperature
Related to entropy is another physical property known to all: temperature. Everyone has
a notion of what temperature means, but in science we demand clear quantitative
relationships. We discuss familiar applications soon. Here we simply state that the
temperature of a thermodynamic system in equilibrium is defined by the following
relationship:
dS =dQ.T
 Equipartition Theorem and Average Energy
A characteristic of thermodynamics systems that can be determined fairly easily is the amount of
energy to be found in certain internal forms: kinetic, potential, rotational, etc. Foremost is the
equipartition theorem, which states that for each independent variable upon which a particle’s
energy depends quadratically—that is, on the square of the variable—that particle will on
average have 1 kBT of energy. Such independent modes of internal energy storage are usually
referred to as “degrees of freedom,” and the equipartition theorem can hus be stated as follows:
Equipartition theorem: E per particle = 12 kBT per degree of freedom
Kinetic Theory and the Ideal Gas
Although cataloging internal energies in general is problematic, there are systems simple enough
that we can fairly easily quantify important properties related to the internal energy, still without
knowing exactly what each particle is doing. One of the simplest systems imaginable is the so-
called ideal gas, comprising identical particles so small that the volume they actually occupy is
only a minute fraction of the volume of the container in which they are held, with the rare collision
occurring elastically in so short a time that there is never significant potential energy stored in
“bumpers.” The particles bounce around randomly in mostly empty space. Of course this is
idealized, but real gases often behave very much as simple calculations say this system should
behave. The system merits study also because it is one of the best for showing how averages
crop up in studies of thermodynamic systems.
Adding Heat to a System
An important thing to know is how much heat must be added to a system
to change its temperature or its
phase (e.g., from solid to liquid). For very simple systems this can be
determined fairly easily from the “first principles” already discussed.
Suppose our system is an ideal gas in which the particles have only
translational kinetic energy (which is the case for helium at most
temperatures but not usually for polyatomic molecules). According to the
equipartition theorem, the internal energy of N such particles is
E=3
2 N kB T
Consequently, if the internal energy is augmented by heat Q from the
surroundings, the system’s temperature will rise and will be related to the
heat as follows:
Q = DE = 3
2 N kB DT
 Electromagnetism
The more closely we investigate things, the closer we get to fundamental interactions. The
frictional and normal forces at play when a book slides along a table are very complicated on the
microscopic scale. The forces that an electric or magnetic field exerts on a charge or a fairly
simple collection of charges, such as a dipole or an electric current, are comparatively simple,
and it is these that interest us most in modern physics.
Maxwell’s Equations
Maxwell’s equations are the definitive statements about the character of electric and magnetic
fields: what the fields can and cannot do and what things produce them. They express
mathematically what our observations have revealed.
Fields and Forces
Among our primary interests are effects of electric and magnetic fields upon charges and
currents. Charges and current produce fields, but they also respond to them. We often regard the
field as the intermediary conveying a force between one charge or current, which produces the
field, and another, which responds to it. Experimental observation has verified that the response
may be expressed follows: A charge qo in a region of space in which there is an electric field E
and/or magnetic field B (produced by something other than the charge itself) will experience a
force given by
F = FE + FB = qoE + qov À B
Accelerating a Charge Through a Potential Difference
One of the most basic applications of these ideas is simply accelerating
a charge. If a potential difference DV is established between two plates,
a charge qo starting at one plate and accelerating to the other would
experience a potential energy decrease of magnitude |DU| = |qo| |DV|. It
gains in kinetic energy what it loses in potential energy, so its kinetic
energy gain would be the same magnitude.
DKE = |qo| |DV|
Basic Fields
A point positive charge q produces a rather simple electric
field (see Fig. 10) given by
E=1
4p·o
q
r 2 r^, where r is the distance from the charge and r^ is a
unit vector directed away from the charge. Being always
outward, it does give a positive net flux, as equation (21)
demands.8 The 1/r2 dependence is like that of the
gravitational field around a spherical heavenly body such as
Earth
 Magnetic Forces
Potential and Potential Energy Equation (25) gives the force a magnetic field exerts on a moving point
Anytime a conservative force is at play there will be associated with it a potential energy, for charge: FB = qov À B. It is always perpendicular to both the charge’s
which we use the symbol U. If an object experiences such a force and we have to push on it to velocity v and the magnetic field B, the direction given by the right-hand
move it somewhere, we are storing/increasing this potential energy. Lifting a weight, subject to rule.16 Often our concern is the behavior of a steady stream of charges, that
the gravitational force, increases gravitational potential energy; compressing a spring increases is, of a current. Current I is measured in coulombs per second, or amps A,
elastic potential energy. Conversely, allowing the object to move in the other direction, the and is understood by convention to be in the direction of positive charge
direction in which the conservative force acts, such as “holding back” a weight while lowering it, flow. This is the idea of conventional current. If the moving charges are
decreases the potential energy actually negatively charged, as they are in common conductors such as
copper, the current’s direction is by this convention opposite the charges’
Accelerating a Charge Through a Potential Difference
velocity. In determining forces on currents and in many other applications,
One of the most basic applications of these ideas is simply accelerating a charge. If a potential
it doesn’t matter whether it is negative charges moving one way through a
difference DV is established between two plates, a charge qo starting at one plate and accelerating
wire or positive charges moving the other—and it is easier to assume
to the other would experience a potential energy decrease of magnitude |DU| = |qo| |DV|. It gains
positive charge flow
in kinetic energy what it loses in potential energy, so its kinetic energy gain would be the same
magnitude. Electric Dipole
DKE = |qo| |DV| shows an electric dipole, a charge of +qo separated from a
charge of -qo by a distance a. (Here qo is understood to be positive;
Dipoles the signs of the charges will be explicitly shown.) It is in a region
The physical world abounds in dipoles. A polar molecule, a neutral molecule with more positive on one side permeated by a uniform electric field E (produced by charges
and more negative on the other, is an electric dipole; an electron orbiting in an atom, forming a loop of elsewhere). The force on the +qo, in the direction of E, and on the
current, is a magnetic dipole. A dipole is characterized by a “dipole moment,” a property that we define. But -qo , opposite E, cancel, so the net force is zero. But there is a
what is it and why do we define it as we do? Without the definition it is impossible to quantify important torque. From classical mechanics we know that torque is given by  
things that dipoles do. To give the most basic argument, in the presence of a uniform electric field, a polar = r À F, its magnitude |r| |F| sin q.18 Choosing our origin at the
molecule experiences no net force, because it is electrically neutral. But it may experience a torque; it may center about which the dipole rotates, we have two torques whose
rotate. How can we quantify this if all we have is the net charge—which is zero?! Even knowing the amount moments arms r are both a/2. Each has magnitude |t| = |r| |F| sin q
of separated positive and negative charge isn’t enough, for torque depends not just on force, but on the length
of the moment arm—how far the charges are separated. At the very least, then, we need to specify—define— = (a/2) (qo |E|) sin q, and both are in the same direction, tending to
a property that gives some idea of how much charge is separated and by how far. rotate the dipole clockwise, so we may add their magnitudes, giving a
total magnitude twice this value.
|t| = a qo |E| sin q
The Wave Equation—Waves on a
String
In the final analysis, the one thing governing how a wave behaves is the wave equation
that it obeys. Each kind of wave is different, and so is its wave equation, but all are
differential equations, that is, equations involving derivatives of the function describing
the wave. The “matter waves” we discuss in quantum mechanics obey the Schrödinger
(wave) equation, and, though of course different in some ways, many of the potential
hurdles in understanding matter waves can be removed by first gaining a good grasp of the
simplest case of a wave equation and the waves that obey it—waves on a string. The topic
is a good bridge between introductory mechanics and the more advanced applications of
modern physics
Interference and Diffraction
Single Point Source The propagation of a wave can be very complicated. Invariably it is
Figure 23 shows light waves spreading uniformly in all directions from a governed by an underlying wave equation, a differential equation that is
single point source. At a given instant of time, different points in space different for each kind of wave (e.g., sound, light). However, though we
“see” different parts of the cycle. At some points the oncoming wave is at its willrefer here to light, certain behaviors are common to all kinds of waves
maximum, at others its minimum. But so long as there is just one source, the and many of these can be explained on the basis of one plausible and fairly
important result—what we would see—is very simple. The wave here is an simple assumption: that each point of a propagating wave alone acts as a
oscillating electric field,22 but we don’t see electric fields; we see the average source of wavelike disturbances spreading uniformly in all directions and
intensity of the oncoming wave, and if we average over time, the part of the the net result is the algebraic sum of all these disturbances, or wavelets.
cycle we see at a particular instant is unimportant. This we know as Huygens’ principle.21 Behaviors that it can explain and
Let us show this, by calculating the average intensity. We assume that at that are very important to understanding quantum mechanics are
our chosen “observation point” the electric field is given by interference and diffraction.
Eo sin(wt - f)
Two Point Sources—Double-slit Interference
If we now consider two point sources, we must add the two waves reaching our observation
point. While it is true that the amplitude and thus intensity of waves naturally diminish as
waves spread from a point, we need not be concerned with this, for we will consider only
cases where all observation points are about the same distance from the sources. Of course
they cannot be exactly the same distance from different sources, but they are close enough to
ignore any variation in the amplitude. For instance, suppose we consider light of 500nm
wavelength spreading from two point sources 1100 cm apart (a rather large separation as
physical optics goes). As depicted in Figure 24, there is an observation point precisely 1 meter
from both. Wavelets from the two sources would each have 2,000,000.0 wavelengths
(1m/500nm) to travel to this point, would thus have precisely the same amplitude, and would
interfere constructively. Another observation point is 0.999950m from one source and
1.000050m from the other
Two Finite Slits
When light passes through two finite-width slits, the result is a combination of
single-slit diffraction and double-slit interference. Single-slit diffraction governs
how much light would actually get to observation points at various angles from
each slit, then “simple” two-source interference takes place between the light
that does get there from the two. To best quantify it, we would integrate the
electric field contributions as we did for a single finite-width slit, but over two
separated regions (i.e., the slit openings). The resulting intensity is plotted in
Figure 30. The angles at which the two-source maxima and the diffraction
minima are found can be varied independently of each other because they depend
on d/l and w/l, respectively, which are of course independent. For instance,
keeping d/l fixed but allowing w/l to become very small, thus spreading out the
diffraction pattern only, would recover the two-point-source pattern
Finite-width Source—Single-slit Diffraction
It certainly sounds as though “the single slit” should be easier to analyze than “the
double slit.” Well, yes and no. If by single slit we meant a single point source, and
by double slit two point sources, the single would be simpler. In fact, these are the
two cases we have already considered, and the two-source was a more complex
“problem.” However, a single point source involves no interference at all and so is
somewhat uninteresting. Accordingly, when in physical optics we refer to a “single
slit,” it is usually understood to mean a finite-width slit—not a single point source,
but an infinite number of them spread over the finite width of the slit. As might be
imagined, with an infinite number of sources, the interference is more complicated
than for just one or two point sources, and it goes by a different name: diffraction.
Usually, when we refer to the double slit we are referring to a case where the two
sources may indeed be treated as point sources, and this is why “the double slit” is
easier toanalyze than “the single slit.” The double slit would be more complicated
than the single slit if by double slit we meant two finite-width sources. This case,
less often referred to, at least in modern physics, we discuss briefly later
Many Sources
In conclusion it is worth mentioning that, roughly speaking, whenever there are many sources
interfering, it is hard to obtain constructive interference and easy to obtain destructive. If sources
are regularly spaced, and waves from adjacent ones are out of phase by exactly an integral number
of wavelengths, then alwill constructively interfere. However, if waves from adjacent sources are
out of phase by even a small fraction of
a wavelength, then the wave from one source and another one dozens, hundreds, even thousands of
sources “down the line” will be a half wavelength out of phase, as will the two sources next to
these, and so on, eading to essentially complete destructive interference. This is why “diffraction
gratings,” often employing thousands of narrow slits, produce almost complete darkness between
the tiny, isolated bright spots. It is why diffraction from a crystal (i.e., from many, regularly-spaced
atoms) similarly produces bright, well-defined spots. And it is why a wide single slit, with many
sources, produces a narrow, straight-line beam surrounded by darkness, while a narrow slit, with
“only a few” sources, allows the wave to spread in all directions
CRICITAL
EVALUATION
 Advantages
1. Journals are arranged systematically and there are many formulas
to facilitate understanding
2. The journal has a lot of material to discuss, to add insight to the
reader
3. This journal can be said to already have good cohesion and
coherence. Good cohesion here means that in the content of the
study in the journal each sentence is interrelated with each other
 Disadvantages
There are some difficult-to- Lack of examples to increase readers'
understand materials/formulas insight and understanding
given .

The discussion lacks depth of information such as lack of origin, understanding and other
information.

Journals are published for too long

and surely a lot of material has
increased every year
 Conclusion

Based on the results of the review that has been carried out . The
journal can be said to be obsolete / long seen from the time of the
copy right in 1999. The described materials and formulas are quite
numerous and quite accurate and relevant . It's just that the
presentation of the material is less interesting because there are too
many formulas and the lack of explanation discussion. In terms of
coherence and cohesion, the journal is said to be good because it
has good relationships between sentences and between
paragraphs.
Thank You
For A t t e nt i on