Republic of the Philippines

Laguna State Polytechnic University

Province of Laguna

Written Report in Principles of Chemistry

Lesson 10: Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction and Exothermic and

Endothermic Reaction

Princess Diane F. Nabol

BS Psychology 2A

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Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions nearly always entail a shift in energy between the reactants
and products because energy is absorbed when chemical bonds are broken and
released when chemical bonds are created. But because of the Law of Conservation of
Energy, we understand that a system's total energy must not vary and that chemical
reactions frequently absorb or release energy in the form of heat, light, or both. The
difference in the quantities of chemical energy that is stored in the products and the
reactants accounts for the energy change in a chemical reaction. The term "enthalpy"
refers to the system's heat content or stored chemical energy.
Energy can be defined as the capacity to supply heat or do work.
 Heat: A flow of energy resulting from a temperature differential is what is meant
by the term "heat," which is a type of kinetic energy.

Work, abbreviated as W, is the movement of energy from one physical system to

another by the action of force. A force that operates via displacement defines the
energy transfer. Work is only produced by the portion of a force that operates parallel to
a displacement.

A force must be applied to an object in order for it to move in the direction of the
force and perform labor. There is no work if one of the requirements is not satisfied. For
instance, even when an object is moving over a distance, no work is being done on it if
no forces are operating upon it and it is moving freely. Likewise, if a force is exerted on
an item, but it is not moving, no work is being done. Imagine a tug-of-war contest
between two opponents who are both extremely strong, with the rope never moving.

Heat (q) occurs when thermal energy is transferred between two bodies that are
at different temperatures. The thermal energy of one body grows while the thermal
energy of the other body decreases due to heat flow, a redundant but frequently used
expression. Assume we begin with a material (H) that is high in temperature and
thermal energy and a substance (L) that is low in temperature and thermal energy (L).
The average KE of the atoms and molecules in H is greater than that of those in L. The
thermal energy will naturally transfer from material H to substance L when they come
into contact.

The SI unit of heat, work, and energy is the joule. A joule (J) is quantity of
energy required to move an item 1 meter with a force of 1 newton. It is named in honor
of the English physicist James Prescott Joule. One joule is equivalent to 1 kg m2 /s2,
which is also called 1 newton–meter. A kilo joule (kJ) is 1000 joules. To standardize its
definition, 1 calorie has been set to equal 4.184 joules.
 Radiant energy is the electromagnetic radiation's physical energy, which is often
seen when it radiates from a source onto the surroundings. Radiant energy is frequently
used to refer to the kind of particle in issue, although it is actually the energy that the
particle carries. For instance, radiant energy is not a photon in and of itself, but one may
see it as light and feel it as heat once the photons it is connected with reach your skin.
Waves are how radiant energy moves. Higher frequency radiation carries a
greater energy. The energy radiation increases when the source material is stimulated.
This is demonstrated by turning up a dimmer switch: Whether an LED or incandescent
bulb is used, more light is released when the power is increased. More photons are
radiating out in all directions, which causes this effect.
Thermal energy is produced by atomic and molecular motion; molten steel has
very high thermal energy content when it is at a temperature of 2000°C. (a) Light,
microwaves, and radio waves all include radiant energy, which comes from sources like
the sun. (c) Lightning is a manifestation of electrical energy that results from the
movement of charged particles. (d) Nuclear energy is released when atoms' nuclei
undergo reorganization of their constituent particles. In a chemical reaction, heat and
light are created as a result of the energy released during the breaking and reforming of
chemical bonds. Chemical energy is a result of the specific arrangement of atoms in a
chemical molecule.
Kinetic energy is the energy involved in an object's motion. Kinetic energy may
be found in moving objects like a bullet, a human and electromagnetic radiation like
light. Kinetic energy is also the force that drives the random, continuous bouncing of
atoms or molecules. This is sometimes referred to as thermal energy; the kinetic energy
of atomic motion increases with increasing thermal energy and vice versa. Temperature
is the term used to describe the average thermal energy of a collection of molecules,
while heat is the term used to describe the transfer of thermal energy between two
things.
Potential energy is the energy connected to the configuration of a system of
objects that apply forces to one another. When the positioning of the objects or the
forces they apply to one another alter in any manner, potential energy is either stored or
released. Numerous configurations of systems of things, from atoms to planets, can
produce different types of potential energy, including chemical, elastic, electrical
(electromagnetic), gravitational, nuclear, and thermal energy.
Energy and Energy Conservation

Thermochemistry is the study of chemical reactions and the energy changes

that involve heat.

Thermodynamics is one of the most significant areas of physics and chemistry.

It covers the study of energy, how energy transforms into various forms, and how
energy may perform labor.

System and Surroundings

Biology's study of energy exchanges that take place in molecules or groups of
molecules is known as thermodynamics. When discussing thermodynamics, the specific
object or group of objects that interests us (which might be as little as a cell or as huge
as an ecosystem) is referred to as the system, while everything outside of the specified
system is referred to as the surroundings.
 As an illustration, if you were cooking a pot of water on the stove, the system
may consist of the stove, pot, and water, while the surrounds would consist of the rest of
the kitchen, home, neighborhood, nation, planet, galaxy, and universe. Depending on
what you wish to examine, you might equally well define the system to include only the
water or the full home. The choice of what to include is arbitrary (up to the observer).
Together, the system and its surrounds make up the cosmos.

In thermodynamics, there are three different kinds of systems: open, closed,

and isolated.

An open system may interchange matter and energy with its environment. Due
to the possibility of heat and water vapor loss to the atmosphere, the cooktop example
would be considered an open system.

In contrast, a closed system can only interchange energy with its environment,
not matter. The pot from the previous example might resemble a closed system if a very
tight-fitting cover were placed on it.

An isolated system is one that is not capable of exchanging matter or energy

with its environment. It is difficult to find a perfect isolated system, however a real
isolated system is conceptually comparable to an insulated drink cooler with a cover.
The ice melts and beverages cool down because the objects within can exchange
energy with one another, but they only share relatively little energy (heat) with the
environment outside.
[Why is a cooler sometimes called a "closed" system?]
You may have noticed, if you watched the video on the Second Law of
Thermodynamics and entropy, that Sal refers to the cooler as an approximate example
of a "closed" system. It is referred to as an approximate "isolated" system here. What's
going on there?
As it turns out, this is an instance where terminology is used slightly differently by
two separate disciplines of physics. A system that doesn't interchange any energy or
matter with its surroundings is referred to as being "isolated" by physicists who
specialize in thermodynamics, but it is referred to as being "closed" by those who
specialize in classical mechanics. Sal utilizes the classical mechanics term in his video,
while the thermodynamics definition is used in this article.
Like all living things, you have an open system. You are continually exchanging
energy and matter with the world around you, whether you realize it or not. Imagine, for
example, that you eat a carrot, move a sack of laundry onto a table, or simply exhale
and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. You are transferring energy and
substance to your surroundings in each situation.
Living things' energy exchanges must abide by the rules of physics. They are
identical to energy transfers in other systems, such as electrical circuits, in this aspect.
Let's examine more closely how the laws of thermodynamics (physical guidelines for
energy transmission) affect living things like you.
 First Law of Thermodynamics
This rule basically follows the "law of conservation of energy." It is only possible
to change the form of energy; it cannot be generated or destroyed.
The first rule of thermodynamics, said simply, asserts that if heat energy is
introduced into a system from the outside, part of that energy remains in the system and
the remaining energy is used to produce work. The system's internal energy is
increased by energy that remains there. This intrinsic energy of the system may appear
in a variety of ways, such as heat energy, kinetic energy of molecules, or potential
energy of molecules (that simply raises the temperature of the system).

What is internal energy?

It is described as the total of kinetic energy, which results from molecular motion,
and potential energy, which results from chemical bonding between atoms and any
other intermolecular interactions that could be present.
According to traditional interpretation, the first law of thermodynamics states that
"the change in internal energy of a closed system is equal to the energy given to it in the
form of heat (Q) plus the work (W) done on the system by the surroundings."

Mathematically, this can be put as: ∆Einternal = Q + W

Endothermic vs Exothermic
An exothermic reaction happens when a system's temperature rises as a result
of heat evolution. As a result of the release of this heat into the environment, the heat of
reaction has a net negative value (qrxn0). An endothermic reaction occurs when a
system that isn't isolated experiences a drop in temperature as its surrounds warm up.
An overall positive heat of reaction (qrxn>0) is produced by endothermic processes.
Exothermic and endothermic reactions cause energy level differences and
therefore differences in enthalpy ( ΔH ), the sum of all potential and kinetic energies. ΔH
is determined by the system, not the surrounding environment in a reaction. A system
that releases heat to the surroundings, an exothermic reaction, has a negative ΔH by
convention, because the enthalpy of the products is lower than the enthalpy of the
reactants of the system.
C(s)+O2(g)⟶CO2(g) (ΔH = –393.5 kJ)
H2(g)+12O2(g)⟶H2O(l) (ΔH = –285.8 kJ)

The enthalpies of these reactions are less than zero, and are therefore
exothermic reactions. A system of reactants that absorbs heat from the surroundings in
an endothermic reaction has a positive ΔH, because the enthalpy of the products is
higher than the enthalpy of the reactants of the system.
N2(g)+O2(g)⟶2NO(g) (ΔH = +180.5 kJ > 0)
C(s)+2S(s)⟶CS2(l) (ΔH = +92.0 kJ > 0)

These are endothermic reactions because their enthalpies are higher than zero.