Radiant energy, or solar energy, comes from the sun and is Earth’s  Heat is the transfer of thermal energy
thermal energy between two bodies that are at
primary energy source. Solar energy heats the atmosphere and Earth’s surface,
stimulates the growth of vegetation through the process known as photosynthesis,
and influences global climate patterns.
Thermal energy is the energy associated with the random motion of
atoms and molecules. In general, thermal energy can be calculated from
temperature measurements. The more vigorous the motion of the atoms and
molecules in a sample of matter, the hotter the sample is and the greater its thermal
energy. However, we need to distinguish carefully between thermal energy and
temperature. A cup of coffee at 70°C has a higher temperature than a bathtub filled
with warm water at 40°C, but much more thermal energy is stored in the bathtub
water because it has a much larger volume and greater mass than the coffee and
therefore more water molecules and more molecular motion
Chemical energy is stored within the structural units of chemical
substances; its quantity is determined by the type and arrangement of constituent
atoms. When substances participate in chemical reactions, chemical energy is
released, stored, or converted to other forms of energy.
Potential energy is energy available by virtue of an object’s position. For
instance, because of its altitude, a rock at the top of a cliff has more potential
energy and will make a bigger splash if it falls into the water below than a similar
rock located partway down the cliff. Chemical energy can be considered a form of
potential energy because it is associated with the relative positions and
arrangements of atoms within a given substance.
All forms of energy can be converted (at least in principle) from one form
to another. We feel warm when we stand in sunlight because radiant energy is
converted to thermal energy on our skin. When we exercise, chemical energy
stored in our bodies is used to produce kinetic energy. When a ball starts to roll
downhill, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. You can undoubtedly
think of many other examples. Although energy can assume many different forms
that are interconvertible, scientists have concluded that energy can be neither
destroyed nor created. When one form of energy disappears, some other form of
energy (of equal magnitude) must appear, and vice versa. This principle is
summarized by the law of conservation of energy: the total quantity of energy in
the universe is assumed constant.
different temperatures. Thus, we often speak of the “heat fl ow” from a hot
object to a cold one. Although the term “heat” by itself implies the transfer
of energy, we customarily talk of “heat absorbed” or “heat released” when
describing the energy changes that occur during a process.
 Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in chemical reactions.
 To analyze energy changes associated with chemical reactions we must
first define the system, or the specific part of the universe that is of interest
to us. For chemists, systems usually include substances involved in
chemical and physical changes. For example, in an acid-base
neutralization experiment, the system may be a beaker containing 50 mL
of HCl to which 50 mL of NaOH is added. The surroundings are the rest
of the universe outside the system. There are three types of systems. An
open system can exchange mass and energy, usually in the form of heat
with its surroundings. For example, an open system may consist of a
quantity of water in an open container, as shown in Figure 6.1 (a). If we
close the flask, as in Figure 6.1 (b), so that no water vapor can escape from
or condense into the container, we create a closed system, which allows
the transfer of energy (heat) but not mass. By placing the water in a totally
insulated container, we can construct an isolated system, which does not
allow the transfer of either mass or energy,
-Three systems represented by water in a flask: (a) an open
system, which allows the exchange of both energy and mass with
surroundings; (b) a closed system, which allows the exchange of energy
but not mass; and (c) an isolated system, which allows neither energy nor
mass to be exchanged (here the flask is enclosed by a vacuum jacket).
 exothermic process, which is any process that gives off heat —that is,
transfers thermal energy to the surroundings
 endothermic process, in which heat has to be supplied to the system
HEAT vs. THERMAL ENERGY

 Thermal energy refers to the stored or total internal energy of a system's

temperature, while heat represents thermal energy transfer. Temperature
is the average kinetic energy inside an object.
 Heat: It is defined as the transfer of energy from one object to another and
is usually the result of the objects with different temperatures.
