SWARM INTELLIGENCE

Sumesh Kannan
Roll No 18
Introduction
 Swarm intelligence (SI) is an artificial intelligence technique
based around the study of collective behavior in decentralized,
self-organized systems.

 Introduced by Beni & Wang in 1989.

 Typically made up of a population of simple agents.

 Examples in nature : ant colonies, bird flocking, animal herding

etc.
Intelligent Agents
 An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its
environment through sensors and acting upon that
environment through effectors.
Rational Agents
 Rationality - expected success given what has been perceived.

 Rationality is not omniscience.

 Ideal rational agent should do whatever action is expected to

maximize its performance measure, on the basis of the evidence
provided by the percept sequence and whatever built-in
knowledge the agent has.

 Factors on which Rationality depends

 Performance measure (degree of success).
 Percept sequence (everything agent has perceived so far).
 Agents knowledge about the environment.
 Actions that agent can perform.
Structure of IA

 Agent = Program + Architecture

 A Simple Agent Program.

Simple Reflex Agents
 Follows Condition-Action Rule.

 Needs to perceive its environment completely.

Model Based Agents
 Need not perceive the environment completely.

 Maintains an internal state.

 Internal states should be updated.

Goal Based Agents
 Makes decisions to achieve a goal.

 More flexible.
Utility Based Agents
 A complete specification of the utility function allows rational
decisions in two kinds of cases.
 Many goals, none can be achieved with certainty.
 Conflicting goals.
Environment
 Accessible vs. Inaccessible

 Deterministic vs. Non-deterministic

 Episodic vs. Non-episodic

 Static vs. Dynamic

 Continuous vs. Discreet

An Environment Procedure
Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)
 First ACO system- Marco Dorgo,1992

 Ants search for food.

 The shorter the path the greater the pheromone left by an ant.

 The probability of taking a route is directly proportional to the level

of pheromone on that route.

 As more and more ants take the shorter path, the pheromone level
increases.

 Efficiently solves problems like vehicle routing, network

maintenance, the traveling salesperson.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
 Population based Stochastic optimization technique.

 Developed by Dr. Eberhart & Dr. Kennedy in 1995.

 The potential solutions, called particles, fly through the

problem space by following the current optimum particles.

 Applied in many areas: function optimization, artificial neural

network training, fuzzy system control etc.
Swarm Robotics
 Most important application area of Swarm Intelligence

 Swarms provide the possibility of enhanced task performance,

high reliability (fault tolerance), low unit complexity and
decreased cost over traditional robotic systems

 Can accomplish some tasks that would be impossible for a

single robot to achieve.

 Swarm robots can be applied to many fields, such as flexible

manufacturing systems, spacecraft, inspection/maintenance,
construction, agriculture, and medicine work
Applications
 Massive (Multiple Agent Simulation System in Virtual
Environment) Software.
 Developed Stephen Regelous for visual effects industry.

 Snowbots
 Developed Sandia National laboratory.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org

http://www.swarmbots.com

http://www.siprojects.com
Thank you