MIND MAPS

BENG IN SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Submitted by Group E

E160842 Abdul Manaf Mohammed Safwan

22015175 Mohamad Amri Munthasir
22015190 Abdul Nazeer Zaid
22015206 Muhammed Nuflan M Nasrulla
MIND MAP 01

Many people immediately think of robots when they think of artificial intelligence. However, AI is a far broader
concept which covers much more than just artificial devices. Artificial intelligence is a term made up of two
words: artificial and intelligence. Artificial is a term that refers to something that is not natural, or unnatural.
Intelligence is a more complex term that encompasses several different and specific cognitive tasks, such as
learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. Artificial intelligence is mostly
carried out by specially engineered machines and computers that can learn from experience, humanlike
behavior, and carry out human activities.

TYPES OF AI

1. Automation – which makes a system or process the function automatically using AI. Automation
means less human interference, more computing with knowledge
2. Machine learning - Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence focused with the design of
algorithms and techniques that allow computers to learn.
3. Machine vision – Machine vision is a branch of AI which deals with how machine gain high level
understanding from digital images or videos
 4. NLP - Natural language processing is a subfield of linguistics, artificial intelligence, and computer
science. It enables computers to understand human language in the form of text or spoken words (voice data)
and understand it just like human beings.
5. Robotics - One of the most important AI applications is robotics. The AI technique can be applied to
robotics in two ways: one is for robot design and control, and the other is for robot application in various
industries such as manufacturing, mining, and medicine (surgery).

The big influence of AI in many sectors and industries is noticed more and more each day as it becomes almost
natural for businesses to adopt AI technology in diverse forms. AI has already influenced different industries
such as healthcare industries(ex-robotic surgeries), business sectors(ex-AI used in self driving cars), education
industry(ex-plagiarism detection), finance industry(ex- risk management) etc.…
MIND MAP 02
Agent is an entity that perceives its environment using sensors and acts on its environment using actuators.

TYPES OF AGENTS

1. Simple reflex - The simplest agents are simple reflex agents. These agents make decisions based on
their current perceptions while disregarding the rest of their perception history. These agents only succeed in the
fully observable environment.

2. Model-based reflex - A model-based agent can handle partially observable environments by the use
of a model(knowledge about how things happen in the world) about the world. The agent has to keep track of
the internal state(representation of current state based on percept history) which is adjusted by each percept and
that depends on the percept history.

3. Goal-based - These kinds of agents take decisions based on how far they are currently from their
goal(description of desirable situations). Their every action is intended to reduce its distance from the goal.
 4.Utility-based - These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an extra component of
utility measurement which makes them different by providing a measure of success at a given state. Utility-
based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.

P.E.A.S

PEAS stands for a Performance measure, Environment, Actuator, Sensor.

We know that there are different types of agents in AI. PEAS System is used to categorize similar agents
together. The PEAS system delivers the performance measure with respect to the environment, actuators, and
sensors of the respective agent.

 Performance Measure: Performance measure is the unit to define the success of an agent. Performance
varies with agents based on their different precepts.
 Environment: Environment is the surrounding of an agent at every instant. It keeps changing with time if
the agent is set in motion. There are 5 major types of environments:

Fully Observable & Partially Observable

Episodic & Sequential

Static & Dynamic

Discrete & Continuous

Deterministic & Stochastic

 Actuator: An actuator is a part of the agent that delivers the output of action to the environment.
 Sensor: Sensors are the receptive parts of an agent that takes in the input for the agent.

An intelligent agent is a self-contained creature that acts on its environment utilizing sensors and actuators to
achieve its goals and objectives. To achieve their objectives, an intelligent agent can learn from their
environment.
The IA structure consists of three main parts: architecture, agent function, and agent program.

1. Architecture: This refers to machinery or devices that consists of actuators and sensors. The intelligent
agent executes on this machinery. Examples include a personal computer, a car, or a camera.

2. Agent function: This is a function in which actions are mapped from a certain percept sequence.
Percept sequence refers to a history of what the intelligent agent has perceived.

3. Agent program: This is an implementation or execution of the agent function. The agent function is
produced through the agent program’s execution on the physical architecture.

MIND MAP 03

Representation of knowledge system/agents have to make decisions. FSM is useful technique for handling
different states.

FSM
FSM stands for finite state machine. FSM are computational models defined by a list of unique set states that
can be only picked one by one. In a nutshell, FSM are simple but elegant solutions to build AI where the
machine can only be in one state at any time, and can only switch from one state to another through a transition
when an input is received

USEFUL FOR

Relatively simple to code

Easy to debug - each state separate object
Follows hard-coded rules so less processing power (less intelligence)
Intuitive to model
Flexible- can tweak behavior
Can represent its own history
HOW TO CODE

We can use switch case for different states and in each case we can call the specified function- method so that it
will trigger accordingly, alternatives like if statements could also be used.

MIND MAP 04
Goal Based Agents
The current state environment is not always sufficient for an agent to decide or take an action for next step. So
the agent should have a goal to describe desirable situations. The agent will take an action according to the goal
so they can achieve the goal. And these agents always have a long sequence of possible action before taking a
decision considering the goal achieved or not, such actions are searching and planning.
Path finding
Path finding is a plotting by a computer application, which finds the shortest path between a two points, Path
finding is nearly related to the shortest path problem, within graph proposition, which analyze how to identify
the path that meets some criteria ( shortest, cheapest, swift, etc) between two points in a large network. Some
consideration will take by path finding they are,
 Initial State
 Set of Possible Actions
  Transition Model
 Goal Test
 Path cost function

MIND MAP 05

Human Augmentation
Human augmentation is a technology which increases the human productivity. This improves the human body
and mental capabilities. The ultimate goal of this technology is to improve human experience in both cognitive
and physical way, advancement of this technology will improve human health, quality of life, and performance.
Some example of devices that having enhanced sensory capabilities using human augmentation technology are;
 Google glasses of viewing AR content
 Next-generation implants for hearing ability.
  Limb devices that enhance muscle capability
 Wearable devices, such as watches or bracelets connect the human body to external data sources. These
sources may be audio, visual, or textual.
Subtypes of human Augmentation,
1. Replication of Human Abilities
2. Supplementing Human Ability
3. Exceeding Human Ability

MIND MAP 06

If multiple agents are operating in an environment, then such an environment is called as Multi- agent
environment.
Multi-agent environment depends on two major topics, such as Convention and Communication. The
convention can be evolved as behaviors. We can mention here the behaviors such as flocking
behavior, and steering behavior.
 Convention, is the sense of meeting, is a gathering of individuals who meet at an arranged
place and time in order to discuss or engage in some common interest.
 Flocking behavior, this idea derived from the nature. By regarding animals which move in groups
 special patterns of behavior can be observed, like flocking birds, swarms of insects or school of
fishes.
Through the behavior of each individual within the group, which is determined by simple rules, a
complex motion behavior of the group emerges. This phenomenon is called Emergent behavior.
 Steering behavior, such as flocking, wandering, and object avoidance. The concept is based on
Craig Reynolds’s Boids and emergent behaviors, which explores how complex behavior can arise
out of a combination of relatively simple behaviors. A great example is flocking, which emerges
from a simulation of separation, alignment, and cohesion.
MIND MAP 07

Natural Language Processing (NLP)

Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence that
deals with the interactions between computers and human language, in particular, how to program computers to
process and analyze large amounts of natural language data.
Natural Language
A natural language or ordinary language is any language that has evolved naturally in humans through use and
repetition without conscious planning or intent. Natural languages can take various forms, such as speech or
signing.
Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language. It includes a comprehensive, systematic, objective and
accurate analysis of all aspects of language, particularly its nature and structure. Because linguistics deals with
both the cognitive and social aspects of language, it is considered both a scientific field and an academic
discipline; it has been classified as a social science, natural science, cognitive science, or part of the humanities.
Traditional areas of language analysis correspond to phenomena found in human language systems, such as B.
Syntax (rules for the structure of sentences); semantics (meaning); morphology (word structure); phonetics
(speech sounds and corresponding gestures in sign languages); phonology (the abstract sound system of a
particular language); and pragmatics (how social context contributes to meaning). Subdisciplines such as
evolutionary linguistics (the study of the origins and evolution of language) and psycholinguistics (the study of
psychological factors in human language) bridge many of these divisions.
Machine Learning
Scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to perform tasks without explicit
instructions. Machine Learning (ML) is a research area dedicated to understanding and developing methods that
“learn”, i.e. methods that use data to improve performance on specific tasks. Machine learning algorithms build
a model based on sample data, called training data, to make predictions or decisions without being explicitly
programmed to do so. Machine learning algorithms are used in a variety of applications, such as medicine,
email filtering, speech recognition, and computer vision, where it is difficult or impossible to develop traditional
algorithms to perform the required tasks. Data mining is a related field of study that focuses on exploratory data
analysis through unsupervised learning. Machine learning is also known as predictive analytics.

The study of natural language processing generally began in the 1950s, although some work from earlier
periods can be found. In 1950 Alan Turing published an article entitled "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed the so-called Turing test as a criterion for intelligence.
Turing Test – Developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior
similar or indistinguishable from that of a human.
Natural Language Processing, or NLP for short, is broadly defined as the automatic manipulation of natural
language, such as speech and text, by software.
Common NLP challenges include speech recognition, natural language understanding, and natural language
generation.
Up until the 1980s, most NLP systems were based on complex handwritten rules. However, starting in the late
1980s, there was a revolution in NLP with the introduction of machine learning (ML) algorithms for language
processing.
MIND MAP 08

Pathfinding Algorithm

Path finding or pathing is the drawing of the shortest route between two points by a computer application. It is
a more practical variant for solving mazes. This research area relies heavily on Dijkstra's algorithm for
finding the shortest path in a weighted graph.
Dijkstra's algorithm

Dijkstra's algorithm is an algorithm for finding the shortest paths between nodes in a graph that can
represent, for example, road networks. It was conceived by computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra in
1956 and published three years later.
Steps:

0. The starting node is considered to be solved

1. Identify all unsolved nodes that are connected to any solved node

2. For each line connecting a solved node to a unsolved node, calculate the candidate cost. A
candidate is an unsolved node.
3. Choose the candidate with the smallest cost. If there is a tie, then chose one arbitrarily.

4. Change the smallest candidate status to solve from unsolved.

5. Add the line to the set keeping track of that path.

6. Repeat steps 1–5 until we have reached the destination node.

MIND MAP 09

Computer Vision
Computer vision is a field in an AI allows to capture and interpret information from captured image and video
data. Machine learning (ML) models helps the computer to classify objects and respond, like unlocking the
smartphone when face recognized.
There are few types of Computer vision;
Image Segmentation- Image segmentation partitions an image into multiple regions or pieces to be examined
Separately
Object Detection- Object detection identifies a specific object in an image
Facial Recognition-Facial recognition is an advanced type of object detection that not only recognizes a human
face in an image, but identifies a specific individual.
Edge Detection-Facial recognition is an advanced type of object detection that not only recognizes a human
face in an image, but identifies a specific individual
Pattern Detection-Pattern detection is a process of recognizing repeated shapes, colors and other visual
indicators in images.
MIND MAP 10

ROBOTICS

Robotics is an interdisciplinary field of computer science and engineering. Robotics includes the design,
construction, operation and use of robots. The goal of robotics is to develop machines that can help and
support humans.
It includes three major aspects such as Sense, Act, and Control.
Sense: Sensor
Robot sensors are used to assess a robot's condition and environment. These signals are forwarded to a
controller to enable appropriate behavior. Sensors in robots are based on the functions of human sensory
organs.
 Touch – tactile
 Vision – computer vision
 Hearing – acoustic/ linguistic
 Movement - kinaesthetic
Act: Movements
 Effectors/ actuators: An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and
controlling a mechanism or system, such as opening a valve. To put it
 simply, it is a “mover”. An actuator requires a control signal and a power source.
 DOF (Degree of freedom): Freedom of movement of a rigid body in three-dimensional (3D) space,
6DOF refers to the freedom of movement of a rigid body in 3D space. Specifically, the body is free to
change its position as forward/backward (swing), up/down (lift), left/right (pivot) translation in three
perpendicular axes combined with changes in orientation through rotation about three perpendicular
axes, often referred to as designates yaw (normal axis), pitch (transverse axis) and roll (longitudinal
axis). 3DOF, a term often used in the context of virtual reality, only refers to rotational motion
tracking: pitch, yaw, and roll.
 Manipulation
 End effectors
 Locomotion: Robot locomotion is the collective term for the various methods robots use to move from
place to place. Wheeled robots tend to be quite energy efficient and easy to control.
Control: Computer Systems
Robot controller is the system that contributes to the movement of robots. This concerns the mechanical
aspects and programmable systems that make it possible to control robots. The robotics can be controlled in a
variety of ways, including manual control, wireless control, semi- autonomous (a mix of fully automatic and
wireless control), and fully autonomous (i.e. when it uses artificial intelligence to move itself, but it could
give options to control it manually).