System of Linear Equation (SLE)

Sub Chapter
Introduction
Solution of SLE using ERO
Solution of SLE using Inverse matrix and
Cramers Rule
Homogeneous SLE

Some Applications
Electrical system
Computer Network
Economy Model
etc.

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1. Introduction

Linear Equation is mathematical expression where the

variable does not contain exponential, trygonometri
(as sin, cos, dll.), or multiplication with another
variable or itself.

Example :
If Ady buy 1 Laptop (x) and 2 PC (y) then he have to
pay $ 5000, if he buy 3 Laptop and 1 PC then he have
to buy $ 10000.
The problem can be expressed
x + 2y = 5000
3x + y = 10000

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Generally for of system of linear equation
a11 x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn b1
a21 x1 a22 x2 ... a2 n xn b2

a m1 x1 a m2 x2 ... a mn x n bm

In the multiplication of matrix :

a11 a11 a1n x1 b1

a21 a22 a2 n x2 b2


x b
am1 am1 amn n m

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Or
AX = B
where
A is said coeffisien matrix
X is said variable matrix
B is said constant matrix

Example :
Let SLE
x + 2y = 5000
3x + y = 10000
can be expressed in the form
1 2 x 5000

3 1 y 10000
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Solution of SLE

We have SLE :
x + 2y = 5000
3x + y = 10000
Then
{x = 3000, y =1000 } is a solution of SLE
{x = 1000, y =3000 } is not a solution of SLE

A SLE has three possibility about solution :

SLE has only one solution
SLE has infinitely many solution
SLE has no solution (inconstent)

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Ilustration of Solution in Cartesius

y
y = 2x - 2
y=x
(2, 2) is crossing point of each
line

2
(2, 2)
x

12

SLE 2x y = 2
xy=0
has one solution, i.e : x = 2, y = 2

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SLE
x y =0
2x 2y = 2
It can be expressed in cartesius
y y=x y=x1

1 x
There is no crossing point
It is mean that
SLE has no solution

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SLE
x y =0
2x 2y = 0
2nd equation is twice of 1st equation
It can be expressed in cartesius

y xy=0
2x 2y = 0

So,
SLE has infinitely many solution

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Get a solution of SLE using ERO
SLE can be expressed in the form augmented matrix
Using ERO to be reduced echelon row

Example :
Find a solution of SLE
3x y = 5
x + 3y = 5
Answer :
Augmented Matrix of SLE

3 1 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 0 2
~ ~ ~ ~
1 3 5 0 1 1 0 1 1
3 1 5 0 10 10

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SLE expresion is

1 0 x 2

0 1 y 1
Solution of SLE is x = 2 and y = 1

Example :
Determine a solution (if possible) for SLE :
a. a + c = 4
a b = 1
2b + c = 7

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 b. a + c = 4
a b = 1
a + b =1
c. a + c = 4
a b = 1
a + b =2
Jawab :
a.
1 0 1 4 1 0 0 1

1 1 0

1
0 1 0 2

0 2 1 0 0 1 3
7
Solution of SLE is
a = 1, b = 2, and c =3

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b. 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5
1 1 0 1 0
0 0 0
or
1 0 1 a 4
0 1 1 b 5

0 0 0 c 0

We have a + c = 4 dan b + c = 5.
Let c = t, where t is a parameter.
Solution of SLE is :
a 1 4
b 1 t 5 , where t is a parameter

c 1 0

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c. 1 0 1 4 1 0 1 4

1 1 0 1 0 1 1 5
1 1 0 2 0
0 0 1

We can see on 3rd row

1 0 1 a 4

0 1 1 b 5
0 0 0 c 1

we have
0.a + 0.b + 0.c = 1.
It is not possible!
Then there is no a, b, and c
So, SLE has no solution.

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 EXERCISES

Solve system of linear equations below

x1
4 3 5 x 1 3 0 2 2 x 1
a. 2 2 3 y 2 b. 2 1 3 4 2 2
x3
3 3 5 z 3 1 1 1 2 1
x4

c. 2a 2b 2c 0 d . x y 2 z w 1
2a 5b 2c 1 2 x y 2 z 2 w 2
8 a b 4 c 1 x 2 y 4z w 1
3 x 3w 3

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SLE :
x + 2y 3z = 4
3x y + 5z = 2
4x + y + (a2 14) z = a+2

Determine a such that SLE :

a. Has one solution
b. Has no solution
c. Has infinitely many solution

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Answer :
Augmented Matrix of SLE

1 2 -3 4 1 2 -3 4

3 1 5 2 ~ 0 7 14 10
4 1 a 2 - 14 a 2 0 7 a 2 - 2 a 14

1 2 -3 4

~ 0 7 14 10
0 0 a 2 - 16 a 4

a. SLE has one solution if:
a2 16 0 sehingga a 4

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 1 2 -3 4

0 7 14 10
0 0 a 2 - 16 a 4

b. Focus on 3rd row
0x + 0y + (a2 16a) z = a 4
SLE has no solution when
a2 16 = 0 dan a 4 0
such a = 4 and a 4.
so , a = 4.
c. SLE has infinitely any solution
a2 16 = 0 and a4=0
So , a = 4

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Get Solution SLE using inverse Matrix
a11 a11 a1n x1 b1

a11 a11 a2n x2 b2


a a nn x n b
n1 a n1 n
or
AX = B
If A is invertible then
A1 A X = A1 B
We have :
X = A1 B
Remember that
A is invertible if and only if Det (A) 0.

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Example :
Determine solution of SLE :
a + c = 4
a b = 1
2b + c =7
Answer :
1 0 1
We know
A 1 -1 0 1 0
0 2 1

So, we have Inverse matrix

-1 2 1
1

A -1 1 1
2 - 2 - 1

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X = A1 B :
a -1 2 1 4 1

b -1 1 1 - 1 2
c 2 - 2 - 1 7 3

so, Solution of SLE

a 1

b 2
c 3

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 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR
EQUATIONS SYSTEM
A system of linear equations is said to be homogeneous if the constant
term are all zero; that is, the system has the form

a11x1 a12 x2 ... a1n xn 0 a11 a12 a1n x1 0

a21x1 a22 x2 ... a2 n xn 0 a a a x 0
21 22 2 n 2


am1 x1 am 2 x2 ... amn xn 0 m1
a a m2 a mn xn 0

Every homogeneous system is consistent Denoted by Ax 0

All system has x1=0,x2=0,,xn=0 as a solution
trivial solution

If there are other solutions, they are called nontrivial solutions

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 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR
EQUATIONS SYSTEM
There are two only possibilities for homogeneous linear systems solutions

The system has only the trivial solution

The system has infinitely many solutions in addition to the trivial
solution
Example
Solve the homogeneous system of linear equations
x1
1 0 2 3 0 1 0 2 3 | 0 1 0 2 3 | 0
2 1 3 4 x2 0 2 1 3 4 | 0 0 1 1 2 | 0
x
1 1 1 1 3 0 1 1 1 1 | 0 0 0 0 0 | 0
x4
Augmented matrix Reduced row-echelon

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 HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR
EQUATIONS SYSTEM

1 0 2 3 | 0
The solutions is x1 2s 3t
0 1 1 2 | 0 x s 2t

0 0 0 0 | 0 2
x3 s

4
x t

infinitely many solutions /

nontrivial solutions

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 EXERCISES

Find solutions of homogeneous linear system Ax = 0 where

1 1 1 1 1 2 2
a. A 2 2 2 b. A 2 1 3 3
1 0 1 1 0 1 1

Find solutions of homogeneous linear system below

c. 2p + q 2r 2s = 0
p q + 2r s = 0
p + 2q 4r + s = 0
3p 3s = 0

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Get solution of SLE using Cramers Rule
Let SLE is :
a11 a11 a1n x1
b1

a11 a11 a2n x2
b2



a a nn x n b
n1 a n1 n
The following sequence step for Cramers Rule :
Find determinant of A (If det(A)=0, we cancel it)
Determine Ai matrix from A where ith column is
replaced by B.
Example:
a11 b1 a1n

a11 b2 a2n
A2


a a nn
n1 bn

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 Calculate |Ai|
Solution of SLE for variable xi is
det( Ai )
xi
det( A)
Example :
Find b of SLE :
a + c = 4
a b = 1
2b + c = 7
Answer :
1 0 1
A 1 -1 0 1
0 2 1
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So
det ( Ab )
b
det ( A )
1 4 1
1 -1 0
0 7 1

1
-1 0 1 0 1 -1
1 (-4) 1
7 1 0 1 0 7

1 ( - 1 - 0 ) (-4) ( 1 - 0 ) 1 ( 7 - 0 )

- 1 (-4) 7 2

Solution of b is 2

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Find a solution of a ?
det Aa
a
det A
4 0 1
-1 -1 0
7 2 1

1
-1 0 -1 -1
4 01
2 1 7 2
4 ( - 1 - 0 ) 1 ( - 2 - (-7) )
-4 0 5
1
Find a solution of c ?
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Example :
Look the ilustration :

a
b

Show that :
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos

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Answer :
we have :
c cos + b cos = a
c cos + a cos = b
b cos + a cos = c
or

0 c b cos a

c 0 a cos b
b a 0 cos c

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 0 c b
1 2 c a 1 3 c 0
det c 0 a 0 c 1 b 1
b a 0 b 0 b a

c ab b ac 2abc

Using Cramers rule :

a c b
b 0 a
1 1 2 b a 3 2 a b
c 1 0 a 1
c a 0
cos
2abc
2abc c 0 b a

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 ac 2 a3 ab 2
cos
2abc
c2 a2 b2

2bc
So, we have :
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos

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Exercise
1. Determine solution of SLE :
2a 8b 12
3a 6b 9
a 2b 4

2. Determine solution of SLE :

2p 2q r + 3s = 4
p q + 2s = 1
2p +2q 4s = 2
3. Determine solution of Homogeneous SLE :
p 5q 4r 7t 0
2 p 10q 7 r s 7t 0
r s 7t 0
2 p 10q 8r s 18t 0

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4. Let SLE AX = B
1 0 1 x1 1

A 1 - 1 0 , X 2 dan B 1
x
0 2 1 x 1
3

Determine Solution of SLE using:

ERO
Inverse matrix
Cramers rule
5. Let
3 1 1 4 2 2
1 2 X X 2 0 5 4

x1 x2
Find X
x3 x4

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6. Let HSLE (with variable p, q, and r)
p 2q r 0
q 2r 0
k 2 p k 1 q r 0

Determine k such that SLE has one solution

7. Let
1 3
B
5 3

x
Determine a not zero vector u such that Bu 6u
y

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